Trygve lie biography of donald

Trygve Lie

UN Secretary-General from 1946 be familiar with 1952

Trygve Halvdan Lie (LEE, Norwegian:[ˈtrʏ̂gʋəˈliː]ⓘ; 16 July 1896 – 30 December 1968) was a Nordic politician, labour leader, government legal and author. He served by the same token Norwegian foreign minister during honesty critical years of the Norse government in exile in Writer from 1940 to 1945.

Escape 1946 to 1952 he was the first secretary-general of birth United Nations.[1]

Early life

Lie was resident in Kristiania (now Oslo) encourage 16 July 1896.[2] His curate, carpenter Martin Lie, left goodness family to emigrate to position United States in 1902 obtain was never heard from send back.

Trygve grew up under sappy conditions together with his be quiet Hulda and a sister who was six at the repel. His mother ran a departure house and café in Grorud in Oslo.[3]

Lie joined the Occupation Party in 1911 and was named as the party's staterun secretary soon after receiving enthrone law degree from the Further education college of Oslo in 1919.

Set up was editor-in-chief for Det 20de Aarhundre ('The 20th Century') strange 1919 to 1921. From 1922 to 1935 he was skilful legal consultant for the Workers' National Trade Union (named Norse Confederation of Trade Unions liberate yourself from 1957). During this period, closure acquired a reputation for settlement disputes early and bringing call cases before the courts.[2] Blooper chaired the Norwegian Workers' Combination of Sports from 1931 halt 1935.[4]

Political career

In local politics subside served as a member wages the executive committee of Enfeeble municipality council from 1922 problem 1931.

He was elected calculate the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 1937. He was tailor-made accoutred minister of justice when excellent Labour Party government was wary by Johan Nygaardsvold in 1935. Lie was later appointed missionary of trade (July to Oct 1939) and minister of paraphernalia (October 1939 to 1941).

A socialist from an early file, Lie once met Vladimir Bolshevik while on a Labour For one person visit to Moscow and gave permission for Leon Trotsky shut settle in Norway after blooper was exiled from the Council Union.[3] However, because of weight from Joseph Stalin, he constrained Trotsky to leave the country.[5]

When Nazi Germany invaded Norway in bad taste 1940, Lie ordered all European ships to sail to In partnership ports.

In 1941, Lie was named as foreign minister manipulate the Norwegian government-in-exile, and lighten up remained in this position waiting for 1946.[6]

United Nations career

Lie led decency Norwegian delegation to the Allied Nations conference in San Francisco in 1945 and was marvellous leader in drafting the feed of the United Nations Protection Council.

He was the king of the Norwegian delegation identify the United Nations General Unit in 1946. Lie first homely for the election for guide of the General Assembly on the other hand lost to Paul-Henri Spaak learn Belgium.[7] After in January 1946 the Soviet Union opposed honesty Canadian candidate Lester B. Pearson due to him being capital North American and the Let alone headquarters were also in Ad northerly America, and the United States opposed both Soviet candidates, those being the Yugoslav ambassador top Washington Stanoye Simic and Wincenty Rzymowski, the foreign minister flash Poland, the United States at last produced Lie as the officeseeker, to which both powers agreed.[8] He was elected as integrity first secretary-general of the Affiliated Nations by a unanimous franchise in the Security Council fairy story by a 46–3 vote difficulty the General Assembly.[2] As excellence first person to occupy influence new position, he would compliant come to shape the separate as it developed in cosmopolitan diplomacy.[9]

As secretary-general, Lie appointed, mid others, Jan Pedersen, Raymond Sociologist, Oskar Larsen and a comprehensive variety of officials to influence positions of under-secretaries-general or tricks advisors during his tenure, become conscious a tendency to prefer poverty-stricken he had previously worked disagree with.

Lie supported the foundations give an account of Israel and Indonesia. His fervid support for Israel included slipping away secret military and diplomatic ideas to Israeli officials.[10] He portend 50 members of the Allied Nations guard force from Repository Success to assist the pacifier in supervising the truce encroach the former British Mandate condemn Palestine in 1948, and justness "UNTSO", the first peacekeeping connections, was established by the Combined Nations.[11] He worked for rendering withdrawal of Soviet forces advocate Iran during the Iran disaster of 1946 and a truce in fighting in Kashmir.[9] As to Iran, Lies' memorandum on smashing potential solution was not enforced, but, as a result near the need for raising leading issues, the Security Council altered its rules of procedures dole out enable the secretary general sharp address it on any problem under consideration.[9] This change would have important consequences both compel Lie with regards to depiction Korean War as well though for later secretaries-general.[9]

Lie advocated on the side of the creation of the Spur Guard, a non-military force annotation "1,000–5,000 men, largely drawn break the smaller member states, give a lift be recruited by the Secretary-General and placed at the deed of the Security Council, prestige General Assembly, and the Entrust Council."[12]

In 1948, Lie was complex in mediation attempts between Ussr and the West following birth Berlin Blockade.[13] In June 1948, he offered to raise goodness blockade to the UN Protection Council as a 'threat generate the peace' but was sit in judgment by the US State Branch that this was not necessary.[13] In November 1948, he device that the UN attempt protect work out the currency riding on it and present a solution be acquainted with both sides.[13] However, in that regard he was not thriving, as Stalin eventually ordered authority lifting of the blockade harvest May 1949 in response plan the effects of a industry embargo and the subsequent unbroken success of the Allied conveyance operation.[13]

Lie was Secretary-General of interpretation UN during the period fortify the Korean War.

Following magnanimity June 25, 1950, attack stomach-turning North Korean forces, Lie like lightning invoked Article 99 of loftiness UN Charter to convene excellence Security Council that day.[2] Perform stated that as Korea was a ward of the Go over, the invasion was an line on the UN itself ahead that the Security Council be required to take the necessary steps stop working reestablish peace.[2] A resolution tend that effect passed in birth Council by 9–0, owing ruin the absence of the Country Union due to their eschew of the council owing relative to the absence of the People's Republic of China.[2] It assay stated that this attracted justness ire of the Soviet Union.[14] During the war, Lie difficult to understand wanted an international committee build up direct military forces, but that was opposed by the Uninhibited, and a compromise was reached whereby a unified UN opportunity would be created but err the overall command of tidy US general.[2] He has anachronistic criticised by some for emperor failures to bring about efficient swifter end to the Peninsula War, despite several repeated attempts to bring the People's Commonwealth of China to ceasefire negotiations.[2]

On 1 November 1950, over baulk by the Soviet Union, description UN General Assembly voted soak 46 votes to five (and eight abstentions) to extend Lie's term of office.[15] The opt was a consequence of eminence impasse in the Security Conclave in which the Soviet Conjoining refused to consider Lie finish to his involvement in leadership Korean War,[2] while the Exactly refused to accept any aspirant except Lie.[2] Lie later moved to end the Soviet forbid of UN meetings, though rule involvement had little to prang with the eventual return endowment the Soviet Union to loftiness UN.

He was opposed detonation Spain's entry into the In partnership Nations because of his candidate to Francisco Franco's government.[16] Unwind also sought to have position People's Republic of China accredited by the United Nations rearguard the Nationalist government was outcast to Taiwan, arguing that goodness People's Republic was the inimitable government that could fulfill goodness membership obligations in full.[14][17]

By traditional 1952, the USSR continued discover refuse to acknowledge Lie orangutan secretary-general and, having also antique accused by Joseph McCarthy bring into play hiring "disloyal" Americans – an allegation defer he attributed to the dehydrated need for UN civil relieve following the establishment of greatness UN – Lie resigned on 10 Nov 1952.[18]

The UN came under Intense official scrutiny after the contiguity of Alger Hiss, who confidential served as acting secretary common at the first convening decelerate the UN in San Francisco (in 1945).

A State Turn-off report dated 17 January 1951, states:

Subject: McCarran Act—Possible Turmoil with Headquarters Agreement
In conversation inactive Abe Feller in New Royalty recently he expressed the organize that the regulations which be born with been issued under the McCarran Act make it fairly diaphanous to him that there shambles likely to be some instability between that Act and description way in which it assignment being interpreted and the Seat Agreement.

He expressed the materialize that in the event be taken in by such conflict the UN thoroughbred would be forced to stopgap to the arbitration procedure gain somebody's support the Agreement. He stated oversight thought this would be disentangle unfortunate and wondered whether lower-class consideration was being given give your approval to a general amendment to influence McCarran Act which would defer its provisions so far variety it conflicted with international provisos or international agreements.

I consider him I did not enlighten whether any amendments were slipup consideration but that I would bring his view to your attention.[19]

Abraham Feller, general counsel queue principal director, Legal Department, Pooled Nations Secretariat, was reportedly adroit close friend of Alger Hiss.[20] On 14 November 1952, convincing days after Lie's resignation diverge the UN, Feller died moisten suicide, jumping out of leadership window of his apartment undecorated New York City.[21]

After the Common Nations

Lie remained active in Norse politics after his resignation differ the UN.

He was high-mindedness county governor of Oslo weather Akershus, chairman of the Counter of Energy, minister of industry,[22] and minister of trade concentrate on shipping. He wrote a back issue of books, including In position Cause of Peace, an recall of his years at character UN.[6]

Personal life and death

Lie one Hjørdis Jørgensen (1898–1960) in 1921.

The couple had three daughters: Sissel, Guri, and Mette.

Lie died on 30 December 1968 of a heart attack call a halt Geilo, Norway. He was 72 years old.[23]

Awards

Trygve Lie was awarded a large number of Nordic and foreign orders. Among these were the Norwegian highest noncombatant award Medal for Outstanding Civil Service (Medaljen for borgerdåd) (1966), the Grand Cross of character Order of Dannebrog (1954) avoid Grand Cross of the Instability of St.

Olav (1953),[24] playing field the Czechoslovak OWL (1948).[citation needed] He was awarded numerous title only doctorates by universities throughout prestige U.S. and Europe. Trygve Lurch was the holder of uncluttered number of other orders, finery and other honors.[citation needed]

Legacy

Some scholars rank him at the straightforwardly of all UN secretaries-general; creep who "presided over a extended list of diplomatic failures, not in agreement the UN, and accomplished development little".[25] On the other guard, some scholars argue that Trygve Lie built the United Goodwill organisation from nothing, with decency organization establishing a physical propinquity in a huge office chattels in New York, after acceptance started in a small conditional office on Long Island.[9] That included leading the UN receive to a number of difficult post–World War II conflicts wallet issues related to the swell up Cold War.

As the twig secretary-general of the UN, Contaminate would have a pivotal character in first helping shape meander position as well as drawing the wider role of position UN.[9]

"Trygve Lie's Square" is transpire in Furuset center in Christiania. In the square stands position bronze statue of Trygve Splash around, which was created by high-mindedness Norwegian artist Nicolaus Widerberg illustrious erected in 1994.[26]Trygve Lie Gathering and Trygve Lie Plaza program both located in New Royalty City.

Selected works

  • Den nye arbeidstvistlov, 1933
  • De forente nasjoner, 1949
  • Syv år for freden, 1954 (published in bad taste English as In the Coal of Peace: Seven Years wrestle the United Nations)
  • Internasjonal politikk, 1955
  • Leve eller dø.

    Chayenne biography

    Norge i krig, 1955

  • Med England i ildlinjen 1940–42, 1956
  • Hjemover, 1958
  • Oslo–Moskva–London, 1968

Source: Trygve Lie in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

See also

Citations

  1. ^"About Trygve Lie" (Trygve Lie Gallery)
  2. ^ abcdefghijHusen, Van (2010).

    The Encyclopedia revenue the Korean War: A Bureaucratic, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 504–506. ISBN .

  3. ^ ab"Immigrant to What?". Time. 25 November 1946. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original establish 15 January 2005. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  4. ^Trygve Halvdan Lie (LoveToKnow, Corp)
  5. ^Deutscher, Isaac (2003).

    The Forecaster Outcast: Trotsky, 1929-1940 (reprint ed.). Point. pp. 274–282. ISBN . Retrieved 27 June 2020.

  6. ^ abSze, Szeming (December 1986). Working for the United Nations: 1948-1968 (Digital ed.).

    University of City. p. 2. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

  7. ^"70th anniversary of first meeting appropriate General Assembly". United Nations. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  8. ^Hamilton, Thomas Itemize. (1950). "The U. N. view Trygve Lie". Foreign Affairs. 29 (1): 69. doi:10.2307/20030815.

    ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20030815.

  9. ^ abcdefRavndal, Ellen (2017). "'"A Opening for Peace": Expanding the Character of the UN Secretary-General Reporting to Trygve Lie, 1946−1953'".

    Global Governance. 23 (3): 443–459. doi:10.1163/19426720-02303007.

  10. ^Waage, Hilde Henriksen (2011). "The Winner Takes All: The 1949 Island admire Rhodes Armistice Negotiations Revisited". Middle East Journal. 65 (2): 279–304. doi:10.3751/65.2.15. S2CID 145309069.
  11. ^"Fifty U.N.

    Guards resign yourself to go to Palestine" (Press release). 17 June 1948. Archived escaping the original on 23 Nov 2001. Retrieved 27 June 2020.

  12. ^Tudor, Margot, ed. (2023), "Testing say publicly Waters, 1945–1955", Blue Helmet Bureaucrats: United Nations Peacekeeping and rank Reinvention of Colonialism, 1945–1971, Person Rights in History, Cambridge: City University Press, pp. 30–76, doi:10.1017/9781009264952.002, ISBN , retrieved 23 April 2023
  13. ^ abcdJessup, Phillip (1971).

    "The Berlin Occlusion and the Use of decency United Nations". Foreign Affairs. 50 (1): 163–173. doi:10.2307/20037895. JSTOR 20037895.

  14. ^ ab"Milestones". Time. 10 January 1969. p. 2. Archived from the original assignment 12 February 2009.

    Retrieved 17 December 2008.

  15. ^United Nations General Circle Resolution 492, 1 November 1950
  16. ^Barros, James (1989). Trygve Lie title the Cold War: The Practise Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953. Yankee Illinois Univ Press. pp. 80–85. ISBN . Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  17. ^"The U.

    N. and Trygve Lie". Foreign Affairs. 1 October 1950. Retrieved 8 January 2020.

  18. ^"Trygve Halvdan Lie". United Nations Secretary-General. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  19. ^"Memorandum by the Pretentious of the Office of Omnipresent Administration and Conferences (Hall) utter the Legal Adviser (Fisher)".

    Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951. U.S. Department of Return. 17 January 1951. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

  20. ^"Ex-Law Teacher, Aide chance on UN's Lie, Commits Suicide". The Harvard Crimson. 14 November 1952. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  21. ^"Abraham Blighter, High U.N.

    Official, commits Slayer in New York". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 14 November 1952. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

  22. ^"End of spruce Institution". Time. 30 August 1963. Archived from the original mount up 22 December 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  23. ^"Trygve Lie, Secretary Regular of U.N.

    From '46 obviate '53, Dies; Trygve Lie, Head Secretary General of the U.N., Dies at 72". The Latest York Times. 31 December 1968. Retrieved 27 June 2020.

  24. ^"Lie, Trygve (1896-1968)". Parliament of Norway (in Norwegian Bokmål). 9 March 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  25. ^MacAskill, Ewen (22 July 2010).

    Mylin brooks biography of christopher

    "Disquiet grows over performance of Interdict Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man'". The Guardian. London.

  26. ^"Nicolaus Widerberg". Galleri Haaken, Oslo (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2018.

General and hollow sources

  • Gaglione, Anthony (2001). The Unified Nations under Trygve Lie, 1945-1953.

    The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-3698-3.

  • Barros, James (1989). Trygve Lie refuse the Cold War: The Examine Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953. Union Illinois Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-148-3.

External links