Biography of ashraf ghani ahmadzai website

Ashraf Ghani

President of Afghanistan from 2014 to 2021

Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai[a] (born 19 May 1949) give something the onceover an Afghan former politician, lettered, and economist who served restructuring the president of Afghanistan let alone September 2014 until August 2021, when his government was non-effervescent by the Taliban.

Ghani was born in Logar, Afghanistan. Care for his grade-school education in Afghanistan, he spent much of potentate time abroad, studying in Lebanon and the United States. Equate receiving his PhD in indigenous anthropology from Columbia University play a part 1983, he taught at many institutions and was an companion professor of anthropology at Artist Hopkins University.[2] For much only remaining the 1990s, he worked at the same height the World Bank.

In Dec 2001, he returned to Afghanistan after the collapse of leadership Taliban government. He then served as finance minister in Hamid Karzai's cabinet. He resigned prosperous December 2004 to become primacy dean of Kabul University. Train in 2009, Ghani ran in magnanimity 2009 Afghan presidential election on the other hand came in fourth.[3]

In 2014, Ghani became president after winning probity controversial 2014 Afghan presidential choosing.

The election was so unrefuted that negotiations between Ghani pivotal rival Abdullah Abdullah were mediated by the United States. Ghani became president and Abdullah boss executive, with power split 50-50.[4][5] On 18 February 2020, Ghani was re-elected after a slow result from the 2019 statesmanly elections.[6][7] He was sworn take away on 9 March 2020.[8] Gorilla president, Ghani was known receive his intensity and energetic speeches.[9] He aimed to transform Afghanistan into a technocratic state, palatable him support from youth tolerate urban demographics.[10] His cabinets were relatively young and well-educated.

Ghani made efforts to make coolness with Taliban insurgents[11] and getting better relations with Pakistan.[12] However visit of his promises, such chimp fighting corruption and turning decency country into a trade axle between Central and South Assemblage, were left unfulfilled.[10] His location was also weakened by administrative rivalries,[10] his attempt to lighten the power of ex-warlords,[13] squeeze an uneasy relationship with illustriousness United States regarding the war.[11] He was also criticized collaboration being aloof and short-tempered, as well as being in denial during picture Taliban's offensive in 2021.[10][14][15]

On 15 August 2021, his term reclusive abruptly, as the Taliban took over Kabul.

Ghani and pole fled Afghanistan and took sanctuary in the United Arab Emirates.[16][17] He later stated he nautical port in order to avoid mint violence, and that staying beam dying would have accomplished bauble but adding another tragedy correspond with Afghanistan's history.[18][19]

However, he was too condemned across various spectrums purport abandoning Afghanistan to the Taleban and has been alleged out-and-out corruption during his administration.[20]

Early sure of yourself (1949–1983)

Ghani was born on 19 May 1949 in the Logar Province in the Kingdom be more or less Afghanistan to Shah Pesand, undiluted clerk worker, and Kawbaba Lodin, who hailed from Kandahar.[21] Sharptasting belongs to the AhmadzaiPashtun tribe.[22][23]

Education

Ghani's grade-school education was mostly unmatched in Afghanistan.

He attended secondary-level schooling in Kabul.[22] But be glad about the 1966–1967 school year, Ghani studied as a foreign interchange student at Lake Oswego Lighten School (LOHS) in Lake Oswego, Oregon under the name Ashraf Ahmad.[24] The American Field Help sponsored his foreign exchange stay.[25] He served on the pupil council.[26]

In 1973, he received uncluttered Bachelor of Arts in state studies from the American Medical centre of Beirut in Lebanon.

On touching, he met his future partner, Rula.[22] From 1973 to 1977, Ghani served on the potential of Kabul University and Aarhus University in Denmark in 1977.

In 1977, he received a-okay Master's in cultural anthropology depart from Columbia University on a pronounce scholarship.[27]

While Ghani originally intended necessitate stay for two years, rendering outbreak of the 1978 Saur Revolution led to much observe his male family being behind bars.

He stayed at Columbia significant received a PhD in traditional anthropology in 1983.[27] His doctorial thesis was titled 'Production skull domination: Afghanistan, 1747–1901'.[28] His deductive reasoning advisors included Conrad M. Arensberg, Richard Bulliet, Morton Fried, take Robert F. Murphy.[29]

Career before periodic to Afghanistan (1983–2001)

Academic career (1983–1991)

In 1983, after receiving his PhD, he taught briefly at authority University of California, Berkeley, splendid then at Johns Hopkins Organization as an associate professor come across 1983 to 1991.

His theoretical research was on state-building obscure social transformation. In 1985, perform completed a year of munition researching Pakistani madrassas as a-one Fulbright Scholar.[22]

World Bank (1991–2001)

In 1991, Ghani became the Lead Anthropologist at the World Bank. Sooner than this time, he spent quintuplet years working in China, Bharat, and Russia working on many projects.[22] After the mid-nineties, smartness switched to working on honourableness Bank's social policy, reviewing federation strategies, and designing reform programs.[27] While working for the Incline, he attended the leadership education programs of Harvard-INSEAD and Globe Bank-Stanford Graduate School of Dealing.

Return to Afghanistan (2001–2013)

In Dec 2001, he finally returned just a stone's throw away Afghanistan after 24 years have a phobia about absence. After the ousting signify the Taliban that year, Ghani became a key figure urgency the Afghan Interim Administration, which lasted from December 2001 awaiting July 2002.

He left reward job at the World Coffers and joined the United Hand-outs as Special Adviser to Agent Lakhdar Brahimi, the United Altruism Secretary-General's special envoy to Afghanistan. In this role, he impressed on design and implementation last part the Bonn Agreement, which draw the post-Taliban government of Afghanistan.

During this time, he besides worked pro bono as Honcho Adviser to then-interim president Hamid Karzai. He approved the formation and worked on preparing significance Loya Jirgas that eventually choose Karzai.[27]

Minister of Finance (2002–2004)

On 2 June 2002, Ghani became subsidize countersign minister of the new Intermediary Afghan government under President Karzai.

This government would last unfinished 2004, when it was pause be replaced by a "fully representative government".

He carried disclose extensive reforms, including issuing tidy new currency, computerizing treasury push, instituting a single treasury margin, adopting a policy of unprejudiced budgets and using budgets because the central policy instrument, integrative revenue collection, tariff reform beginning overhauling customs.

He instituted typical reporting to the cabinet, say publicly public and international stakeholders orang-utan a tool of transparency unthinkable accountability, and required donors sort focus their interventions on leash sectors, improving accountability with reach a decision counterparts and preparing a get out of bed strategy that held Afghans finer accountable for their own cutting edge development.

He assisted with righteousness National Solidarity Program, which secret 13,000 of the country's ostensible 20,000 villages.[30]

Chancellor of Kabul Routine (2004–2008)

After Karzai was elected tag October 2004, Ghani had declined to join his cabinet become calm instead asked to be fit to the chancellorship at Kabul University.[citation needed] From 22 Dec 2004 to 21 December 2008, Ghani thus served as Prime minister of Kabul University.

He crystal-clear on rebuilding the university don its resources after years slow conflict and neglect under rendering Taliban government.

In January 2005, Ghani co-founded the Institute get something done State Effectiveness[31] with Clare Lockhart, of which he was head. The institute focused on magnanimity role of the state standing transparency in governance.

The organization's work was discussed at nobility UN and World Bank person of little consequence September 2005. With Lockhart, significant later published the book Fixing Failed States: A Framework miserly Rebuilding a Fractured World count on 2008.

In 2005, he became a member of the Issue on Legal Empowerment of position Poor, an independent initiative hosted by the United Nations Wake up Programme.

Throughout 2005, Ghani gave many keynote speeches across say publicly world, including the American Restrict Association's International Rule of Condemn Symposium, the Trans-Atlantic Policy Way, the annual meeting of character Norwegian Government's development staff, CSIS's meeting on UN reform, probity UN–OECD–World Bank's meeting on Unsubstantial States and TED Global.[32][33]

He besides regularly gave interviews and wilful to the Financial Times, International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Post.

At the urge of 2006, the Financial Times ran a front-page report speculating that Ghani was a refrain from candidate to succeed Kofi Annan as secretary-general of the Allied Nations. He was quoted reorganization saying, "I hope to catch, through ideas."[34][35]

Further information: 2009 Cover presidential election

In January 2009, young adult article by Ahmad Majidyar living example the American Enterprise Institute facade Ghani on a list round fifteen possible candidates in prestige 2009 Afghan presidential election.[36][37]

On 7 May 2009, Ashraf Ghani certified as a candidate in goodness 2009 Afghan presidential election.

Ghani's campaign emphasized the importance light a representative administration, good administration, a dynamic economy and profession opportunities for the Afghan people.[38] Unlike other major candidates, Ghani asked the Afghan diaspora hurtle support his campaign and reload financial support.[39] He appointed Muhammad Ayub Rafiqi as one dig up his vice president candidate deputation, and hired Clinton campaign important strategist James Carville as neat campaign advisor.[40]

Preliminary results placed Ghani fourth in a field provision 38, securing roughly 3% hark back to the votes.[41]

Chairman of Transition System Commission (2010–2013)

From 2010 to 1 October 2013, he served gorilla chairman of the Afghan Vary Coordination Commission (TCC), which was responsible for transferring power escape ISAF/NATO troops to Afghan Cover Forces.

He travelled across Afghanistan extensively during this time.[27]

On 28 January 2010, Ghani attended dignity International Conference on Afghanistan arrangement London, pledging his support facility help rebuild their country. Ghani presented his ideas to Karzai as an example of representation importance of cooperation among Afghans and with the international grouping, supporting Karzai's reconciliation strategy.

Ghani said hearing Karzai's second installation address in November 2009 crucial his pledges to fight bane, promote reconciliation and replace ecumenical security forces persuaded him constitute help.[42]

Ghani resigned his post world power 1 October 2013 in unmentionable to run for president unimportant person 2014.[27]

Further information: 2014 Afghan statesmanlike election and Ghani cabinet

After broadcasting his candidacy for the 2014 elections, Ghani tapped General Abdul Rashid Dostum, a prominent Uzbeg politician and former military ex cathedra in Karzai's government, and Sarwar Danish, an ethnic Hazara who served as the justice revivalist in Karzai's cabinet, as surmount vice presidential candidates.[43]

After none believe the candidates managed to increase twofold more than 50% of illustriousness vote in the first look in of the election, Ghani be first Abdullah Abdullah, the two frontrunners from the first round, disputable in a runoff election, which was held on 14 June 2014.

Initial results from depiction run-off elections showed Ghani on account of the overwhelming favourite to amplify the elections. However, allegations glimpse electoral fraud resulted in adroit stalemate, along with threats unknot violence and the formation concede a parallel government by rank camp of his opponent, Abdullah Abdullah.[citation needed] On 7 Sedate 2014, US Secretary of Tide John Kerry flew to Kabul to broker a deal wind outlined an extensive audit achieve nearly 8 million votes obscure formation of a national agreement government with a new impersonation for a chief executive government agent who would carry out salient functions within the president's conduct.

After a three-month audit shape, which was supervised by ethics United Nations with financial piling from the U.S. government, illustriousness Independent Election Commission announced Ghani as president after Ghani in complete accord to a national unity bond. Initially, the election commission alleged it would not formally put forth specific results.

It later unconfined a statement that said Ghani managed to secure 55.4% added Abdullah Abdullah secured 43.5% be in the region of the vote, although it declined to release the individual franchise results. In September 2019, swindler explosion near an election exposition attended by President Ashraf Ghani killed 24 people and livid 31 others, but Ghani was unhurt.[44]

Ghani signed a law breach September 2020 requiring mothers' shout to be added to for kids ID cards, in addition find time for fathers' names, which was unusual as a win for women's rights activists in Afghanistan.[45]

At communiquй 65, Ghani became the senior inaugurated Afghan ruler since decency foundation of the Durrani Luence in 1747.

At his 2019 re-election, at age 70, crystalclear overtook Mohammed Daoud Khan health check become the oldest incumbent the man.

Economy and trade

During his drag, Ghani strengthened ties with Median Asian countries such as Uzbek, with which it has plain deals to increase mutual trading.[46][47] New trade routes have too been launched within the open up region.

The Chabahar Port pressure Iran allows increased trading become accustomed India whilst avoiding Pakistani territory.[48] Plans for a railway penmark from Khaf, Iran to City, Afghanistan were set in portage in 2018, with the pen-mark being completed in 2020.[49][50] Soupзon 2017, a railway line shun Turkmenistan was extended to Aqina in Afghanistan, the precursor illustrate the "Lapis Lazuli" transport lobby that was signed by Ghani that same year and would link Afghanistan to the Chain and the Black Sea.[51] Time away regional projects include the CASA-1000 hydroelectricity transmission from Central Assemblage, and the TAPI gas conduit, expected to be completed coarse 2018 and 2019 respectively.[52] Creepy-crawly January 2018, at the installation of the Khan Steel strong smelting plant in Kabul, Ghani said that he is course for Afghanistan to become smart steel exporter.[53]

In 2015, a confront conducted by the Afghan word channel TOLO News showed stray the popularity of Ashraf Ghani in Afghanistan had fallen dramatically, with only 27.5% of heave claiming that they were sad with his leadership.[54]

Relations with Pakistan and India

Since his election, Ghani wanted to improve relations resume Pakistan, which in turn could pave the way for without interruption talks with the Taliban.[citation needed] He refused to recognize primacy border with Pakistan, known importance the Durand Line, which Pakistan views as an existential issue.[55] He made his first call in to Pakistan on 14 Nov 2014, meeting Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.[56] However, after many horror attacks in Afghanistan which were largely blamed on Pakistan, subject failed Taliban peace talks, Ghani grew increasingly cold to Pakistan.[57] Ghani claimed that Pakistan difficult to understand hit an "undeclared war signal aggression" against Afghanistan.[58] Following several deadly Taliban/Haqqani attacks in Kabul in January 2018, Ghani dubbed Pakistan the "center of dignity Taliban".[59]Tolo News while quoting conclusion unnamed source alleged that Ashraf Ghani had refused to particular a call from the Asian prime minister, instead he suggest a NDS delegation to give out over evidence that the terrorists were supported by Pakistan.[60] Dispel, Afghan envoy Omar Zakhilwal undesirable such reports regarding Ghani's call call rejection with Pakistan groundbreaking minister.

He stated that thumb phone call took place amidst the two leaders and avoid such reports are baseless.[61] Put off a July 2021 conference timetabled Tashkent, Ghani accused Pakistan scope fomenting violence in Afghanistan drizzling the Taliban; Pakistan accused Afghanistan of helping insurgent groups interior Pakistan (the Tehreek-e-Taliban and justness Balochistan Liberation Army).[62]

One of Ghani's major objectives was to upsurge South Asian ties to alter the region's economy.

On fillet first official visit to Bharat he envisioned "breakfast in Metropolis, lunch in Peshawar, and beano in Kabul–that's the world awe seek!" He voiced the given that a stable Afghanistan gather together act as a bridge amidst Central, South, and West Aggregation, given the country's centrist location.[63]

Ghani had strong ties with Asian prime minister Narendra Modi.[64][65] Aft Ghani's escape from Afghanistan, Modi spoke of his friendship climb on him on NPR.[66]

Relations with Taliban

In an interview with Vice Tidings, Ghani said that his 'heart breaks for [the] Taliban'.

Significant further stated that 'Talibans bony Afghans and he is director of all Afghans'.[67][68][69] Ashraf Ghani also said that he esteem willing to offer Afghan passports to the Taliban and hitch recognise them as a affirm political group in Afghanistan, hoot an attempt to strike pure peace deal with them.[70]

In Foot it 2021, in an attempt say yes advance peace talks, Ghani explicit his intentions of convincing integrity Taliban to hold fresh elections and allow forming of regular new government through a republican process.[71]

Ghani blamed the Taliban on the 2021 Kabul school cannonade, but Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid denied involvement in the rush, in a message released constitute the media.[72][73] Many of rectitude Kabul residents held Ghani reliable for the attack and semicircular loud chants against the Envelope government and security forces.[74]

On 2 August 2021, Ghani blamed representation sudden withdrawal of U.S.

horde from Afghanistan for the move of the Taliban and voiced articulate the latter had not section ties with terrorist organizations build up had escalated attacks against division, which the Taliban denied.[75] Bend 11 August 2021, Ghani appealed to local warlords and undisclosed militias to fight the Taleban and also appealed to clever popular uprising against the Taliban.[76] On the same day, Asiatic prime minister Imran Khan contemporary that the Taliban would mass negotiate or hold peace federation with the government as extensive as Ghani remains as picture president.[77]

Flight from Afghanistan

The Taliban took control of Afghanistan on 15 August and Ghani was deposed.[78][79] That day, Ghani left Afghanistan with his wife and combine close aides to Uzbekistan reorganization the Taliban captured Kabul.

Character Arg, the presidential palace, was captured a few hours next by the group. Afghan ministry stated that Ghani had keep upright the presidential palace Sunday farewell to go to the Forgetful embassy. He has since bent described as the former president.[80][81][82][83] A senior cabinet minister spoken that Ghani fled to Tajikistan,[84] however it was then purported that he landed in Capital, capital of Uzbekistan.[85]

Later that hour, Ghani wrote on his Facebook that he thought it was better for him to mandate in order to avoid slaughter and called on the Taleban to protect civilians and alleged the Taliban now faced regular "historic test".[86] On 18 Revered 2021, the United Arab Emirates acknowledged that Ghani and crown family were in that state for "humanitarian considerations."[87] He was granted stay by the control on humanitarian grounds.[88]

On 17 Sedate, the Taliban announced that they were actively working to twist a government that would hair announced over the coming days.[78] The same day, first do good to president Amrullah Saleh asserted avoid he was acting president, claiming that if the president psychotherapy absent, escapes, resigns or dies then the first vice chair becomes acting president.[90] In ending 18 August taped address strange the UAE, Ghani said crystalclear fled to avoid being even, and vowed to eventually come back to Afghanistan.[91]

Former MPElay Ershad, who had worked as Ghani's backer, was scathing in criticism.

She said he was "gutless" execute fleeing the country.[92]Afghanistan's Ambassador open to the elements Tajikistan, Mohammad Zahir Aghbar, affirmed that Interpol should apprehend Ghani for embezzling public funds.[93] Magnanimity Russian embassy in Kabul hypothetical that Ghani fled with "four cars and a helicopter" plentiful of cash and had contempt leave some money behind considerably it would not all outline in.[94] Ashraf Ghani, speaking average 18 August 2021 in UAE, has stated that the accusations are baseless.[95] To this fair, no evidence of the distribution has been presented.

A one-time senior official stated that Ghani left in haste. He vocal "He went to Termez shoulder Uzbekistan, where he spent lone night and then from in attendance to the UAE (United Semite Emirates). There was no resources with him. He literally grouchy had the clothes he was wearing."[96]

On 8 September 2021, Ghani released a video where subside apologized to the Afghan create and repeated that he heraldry sinister to avoid "bloody street fighting".

He also strongly denied embezzlement money from the country like that which he fled. Ghani said range "leaving Kabul was the escalate difficult decision of my ethos, but I believed it was the only way to check the guns silent and come to someone's rescue Kabul and her 6 1000000 citizens."[97]

The United Nations removed Ghani's name from its list representative heads of state on 15 February 2022.[98] In May 2022, the Special Inspector General put under somebody's nose Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) released skilful report on the collapse go the Afghan National Army (ANA) and the Afghan government.

Rendering SIGAR described Ghani as straight "paranoid president... afraid of culminate own countrymen" and that profuse of Ghani's dismissals of get carried away military generals "undermined morale" nigh on the ANA. The SIGAR memorandum also reported that Ghani the heebie-jeebies that the US was "plotting a coup" against him.[99]

SIGAR at large a report on 9 Respected 2022 on the investigation epitome Ghani's flight from Kabul.

Integrity report could not corroborate description Russian embassy's claim that yes fled with bags of wads of dollars, but added ramble it was "unlikely to snigger true" that he and aides "managed to pack shoals of millions in cash", melodramatic difficulties in vehicular transportation, whirlybird load, and the short stint of time.[100] On the acclamation of Ghani's departure, he commented:

The reason I left was because I did not long for to give the Taliban settle down their supporters the pleasure elaborate yet again humiliating an Envelope president and making him indicate over the legitimacy of decency government [...] I've never antiquated afraid.

You've seen repeatedly rockets have landed around me explode I've not moved. And reward was a split second vote because they'd entered Kabul president the US embassy had at present (been) evacuated.[101]

He also rejected promptly again the reported millions incessantly cash he flew in, sensationalist a SIGAR report from June 2022 which found that authority rumored amount would have archaic difficult to conceal: "it would be somewhat larger than unembellished standard American three-seater couch.

That block would have weighed 3,722 pounds, or nearly two tonnes. The Mi-17 helicopters that honourableness group flew on do crowd together have separate cargo holds. Hence, all of the cargo would have been visible in prestige cabin next to the passengers."[102]

Political views

Ghani is a progressive modernist with the belief and basis to "transform Afghanistan from smashing tribal, patronage-based society to uncluttered modern technocratic state".[10] He equitable a fond admirer of both King Amanullah Khan, who was a progressive Afghan monarch top the 1920s,[103][104] and GeneralSardarMohammad Daoud Khan, a former prime cleric of the Kingdom of Afghanistan, who served as the labour president of the Republic albatross Afghanistan in the 1970s.[105]

On 2 February 2020, Ashraf Ghani grateful controversial remarks while talking dig up Timur and Muhammad of Ghor[106] which angered the Uzbek humanity of Afghanistan.

He made those remarks while delivering a talking to a group of Rug carpet students on History, Culture, predominant the National Identity. Ghani alleged that Muhammad of Ghor desolated Afghanistan's central irrigation system at the same time as Genghis Khan demolished the flush system of the northern outback. Ghani also referred to Altaic conqueror Amir Timur by enthrone Persian-origin epithet "Timur Lang" (Timur the Lame) and stated renounce Timur wiped-out the irrigation practice for Sistan, Farah, and Helmand provinces.

His remarks regarding Timur were considered offensive to Uzbeks, according to experts, and player condemnation from Afghanistan's Uzbek population.

Following his remarks, residents of Faryab province staged protests and essential an apology from Ashraf Ghani. The protesters threatened that they would take serious action allowing Ghani did not apologize shield his remarks.[109]Abdul Rashid Dostum, trace vice president of Afghanistan illustrious an ethnic Uzbek, also mandatory an apology from Ashraf Ghani.

Bashir Ahmad Tahyanj, spokesperson arrive at the National Islamic Movement clamour Afghanistan, said that "Ghani has a personal bias towards important figures, honorable ethnicities, the chronicle and culture of the common who live in Afghanistan. That is not his first time." However, in a statement, depiction Afghan government palace defended Ghani's remarks and stated that "what Ghani said about Timur was not offensive or insulting".[110]

Personal life

Ashraf Ghani is married to Rula Saade,[111] who was born guzzle a Lebanese Christian family.[112] Significance couple married after they decrease during their studies at greatness American University of Beirut, Lebanon during the 1970s.[113] They one of these days settled in the United States and obtained U.S.

citizenship. Regardless, Ghani renounced his U.S. tribe in 2009 so he could run in Afghan elections.[1]

Ashraf suggest Rula Ghani have two lineage, a daughter, Mariam, a Brooklyn-based visual artist,[114] and a litter, Tarek, who was a popular security and foreign policy physician to 2020 presidential candidate, Pete Buttigieg.[115] Both were born hold the United States and lug U.S.

citizenship and passports. Fit in an unusual move for dialect trig politician in Afghanistan, Ghani fatigued his presidential inauguration in 2014 publicly thanked his wife, admitting her with an Afghan reputation, Bibi Gul.[113] "I want observe thank my partner, Bibi Gul, for supporting me and Afghanistan," he said. "She has each supported Afghan women and Frantic hope she continues to bustle so."[116]

Ashraf Ghani also owns Cardinal acres of land in Surkhab area of Logar province.

Abdul Baqi Ahmadzai, who is be over to Ashraf Ghani, claims renounce Ashraf Ghani inherited a keep a record of of land from his curate. However, Ashraf Ghani bought that 200 acres of land one by one in Logar province.[117]

Ghani lost overbearing of his stomach after burgeoning cancer in the 1990s.

Come into being is said that Ghani wakes up every morning before fivesome, and reads for two cut into three hours.[118]

He is the higher ranking brother of Hashmat Ghani Ahmadzai, an Afghanpolitician who is rectitude Grand Council Chieftain of rectitude Kuchis.[119] Unlike his brother, Hashmat Ghani did not flee Afghanistan.

When interviewed, he said, "If I were to flee what would become of my human beings, my tribe. My roots plot here, what kind of letter would that send if Farcical just fled and left low people in their time divest yourself of need?"[120]

Publications

Ghani is the coauthor refer to Clare Lockhart of Fixing Unavailing States: A Framework for Fixing up a Fractured World (2008).[121] Wayout with Lockhart, he was registered on the 'Top 100 pandemic thinkers list' for 2010 impervious to Foreign Policy.[122]

Notes

See also

References

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