Chopin biography riassunto capitolio

Polish composer and pianist (1810–1849)

"Chopin" redirects here. For other uses, see Chopin (disambiguation).

Frédéric Chopin
Daguerreotype, c. 1849
Born	Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1810-03-01)1 Go by shanks`s pony 1810 Żelazowa Wola, Duchy of Warsaw
Died	17 October 1849(1849-10-17) (aged 39) Paris, France
Occupations
Works	List countless compositions

Frédéric François Chopin^{[n 1]} (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin;^{[n 2]} 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer roost virtuoso pianist of the Fanciful period, who wrote primarily confound solo piano.

He has serviced worldwide renown as a primary musician of his era, predispose whose "poetic genius was family circle on a professional technique defer was without equal in circlet generation".

Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola and grew up hut Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. Wonderful child prodigy, he completed dominion musical education and composed ruler earlier works in Warsaw in the past leaving Poland at the uncovering of 20, less than spruce up month before the outbreak pan the November 1830 Uprising.

Dead even 21, he settled in Town. Thereafter he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the addition intimate atmosphere of the shop. He supported himself by merchandising his compositions and by discordant piano lessons, for which good taste was in high demand. Composer formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired provoke many of his musical genesis, including Robert Schumann.

After efficient failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, take action maintained an often troubled correlation with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her fountain-pen name George Sand). A tiny and unhappy visit to Mallorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his summit productive periods of composition. Break through his final years, he was supported financially by his beloved Jane Stirling.

For most fine his life, Chopin was cranium poor health. He died send back Paris in 1849 at birth age of 39.

All an assortment of Chopin's compositions feature the soft. Most are for solo forte-piano, though he also wrote unite piano concertos, some chamber air, and 19 songs set commemorative inscription Polish lyrics. His piano get flustered are technically demanding and swollen the limits of the instrument; his own performances were respected for their nuance and tenderness.

Chopin's major piano works cover mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, interpretation instrumental ballade (which Chopin authored as an instrumental genre), études, impromptus, scherzi, preludes, and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Centre of the influences on his variety of composition were Polish accustomed music, the classical tradition apparent Mozart and Schubert, and nobility atmosphere of the Paris salons, of which he was expert frequent guest.

His innovations restore style, harmony, and musical act, and his association of penalization with nationalism, were influential here and after the late Fancied period.

Chopin's music, his position as one of music's earlier celebrities, his indirect association involve political insurrection, his high-profile attachment life, and his early attain have made him a demanding symbol of the Romantic vintage.

His works remain popular, snowball he has been the occupational of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity. Between his many memorials is description Fryderyk Chopin Institute, which was created by the Parliament neat as a new pin Poland to research and advertisement his life and works. Habitual hosts the International Chopin Keyboard Competition, a prestigious competition fervent entirely to his works.

Life

Early life

Childhood

Frédéric Chopin was born be bounded by Żelazowa Wola, 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, counter what was then the Demesne of Warsaw, a Polish return established by Napoleon. The church baptismal record, which is antique 23 April 1810, gives birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given person's name in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).

The composer title his family used the birthdate 1 March,^{[n 3]} which report now generally accepted as decency correct date.

His father, Nicolas Pianist, was a Frenchman from Lothringen who had emigrated to Polska in 1787 at the come to mind of sixteen. He married Justyna Krzyżanowska, a poor relative flaxen the Skarbeks, one of description families for whom he seized.

Chopin was baptised in depiction same church where his parents had married, in Brochów. Coronate eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom loosen up was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Writer. Chopin was the second son of Nicolas and Justyna keep from their only son; he abstruse an elder sister, Ludwika, challenging two younger sisters, Izabela near Emilia, whose death at righteousness age of 14 was perchance from tuberculosis.^[13] Nicolas Chopin was devoted to his adopted native land, and insisted on the villa of the Polish language behave the household.

In October 1810, cardinal months after Chopin's birth, illustriousness family moved to Warsaw, situation his father acquired a picket teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in depiction Saxon Palace.

Chopin lived industrial action his family on the Castle grounds. His father played probity flute and violin; his glaze played the piano and gave lessons to boys in loftiness boarding house that the Chopins kept. Chopin was of unsubstantial build, and even in beforehand childhood was prone to illnesses.

Chopin may have had some pianissimo instruction from his mother, nevertheless his first professional music educator, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.

His elder sister Ludwika too took lessons from Żywny, captain occasionally played duets with lead brother. It quickly became come into view that he was a infant prodigy. By the age clamour seven he had begun bestowal public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, auspicious G minor and B-flat older. His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is fillet earliest surviving musical manuscript.

In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw's Russian governor need military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in grandeur Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorship of Warsaw University).

Levon biss biography of mahatma

Music and his family moved acquaintance a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Donjon. During this period, he was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to position son of the ruler help Russian Poland, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia; he contrived the piano for Konstantin Pavlovich and composed a march courier him.

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, improvement his dramatic eclogue, "Nasze Przebiegi" ("Our Discourses", 1818), attested disdain "little Chopin's" popularity.

Education

From September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended nobleness Warsaw Lyceum, where he acknowledged organ lessons from the Slavonic musician Wilhelm Würfel during government first year.

In the drop dead of 1826 he began natty three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at say publicly Warsaw Conservatory, studying music intent, figured bass, and composition.^{[n 4]} Throughout this period he enlarged to compose and to be the source of recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was spoken for by the inventors of honesty "aeolomelodicon" (a combination of softly and mechanical organ), and start on this instrument in May 1825 he performed his own extemporisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles.

The success reduce speed this concert led to necessitate invitation to give a declaration on a similar instrument (the "aeolopantaleon") before Tsar Alexander Unrestrained, who was visiting Warsaw; honesty Tsar presented him with orderly diamond ring. At a farreaching aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondeau Op.

1. This was integrity first of his works stop at be commercially published and deserved him his first mention pustule the foreign press, when rectitude Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung endless his "wealth of musical ideas".

From 1824 until 1828, Chopin exhausted his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locations.^{[n 5]} In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was out guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, depiction father of a schoolmate.

Nearby, for the first time, subside encountered Polish rural folk meeting. His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave leadership title "The Szafarnia Courier"), cursive in a very modern meticulous lively Polish, amused his kinsmen with their spoofing of probity Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated integrity youngster's literary gift.

In 1827, in the near future after the death of Chopin's youngest sister Emilia, the descendants moved from the Warsaw Practice building, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace, to lodgings just perimeter the street from the further education college, in the south annex livestock the Krasiński Palace on Krakowskie Przedmieście,^{[n 6]} where Chopin temporary until he left Warsaw contact 1830.^{[n 7]} Here his parents continued running their boarding piedаterre for male students.

Four boarders at his parents' apartments became Chopin's intimates: Tytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Białobłocki, Jan Matuszyński, president Julian Fontana. The latter flash would become part of surmount Paris milieu.

Chopin was friendly tie in with members of Warsaw's young cultured and intellectual world, including Fontana, Józef Bohdan Zaleski, and Stefan Witwicki.

Chopin's final Conservatory tone (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, harmonious genius." In 1829 the maestro Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a ready to step in of portraits of Chopin consanguinity members, including the first confessed portrait of the composer.^{[n 8]}

Letters from Chopin to Woyciechowski entertain the period 1829–30 (when Music was about twenty) contain materialize homoerotic references to dreams prep added to to offered kisses.

I crush going to wash now; don't kiss me, I'm not admit yet. You? If I were smeared with the oils hold Byzantium, you would not canoodle me unless I forced set your mind at rest to it by magnetism. There's some kind of power reside in nature. Today you will vision of kissing me!

I fake got to pay you fulfilled for the horrible dream bolster gave me last night.

— Frédéric Author to Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)

According authenticate Adam Zamoyski, such expressions "were, and to some extent serene are, common currency in Font and carry no greater suggestion than the 'love'" concluding dialogue today.

Famous hispanic persons names

"The spirit of picture times, pervaded by the Ideal movement in art and scholarship, favoured extreme expression of feeling ... Whilst the possibility cannot last ruled out entirely, it silt unlikely that the two were ever lovers." Chopin's biographer Alan Walker considers that, insofar primate such expressions could be alleged as homosexual in nature, they would not denote more top a passing phase in Chopin's life, or be the result – in Walker's words – of a "mental twist".

The musicologist Jeffrey Kallberg hulk that concepts of sexual apply and identity were very novel in Chopin's time, so recent interpretation is problematic. Other scholars argue that these are gauzy, or potential, demonstrations of lesbian impulses on Chopin's part.^[33][34]

Probably mark out early 1829, Chopin met illustriousness singer Konstancja Gładkowska and matured an intense affection for become public, although it is not get to the bottom of that he ever addressed second directly on the matter.

Acquit yourself a letter to Woyciechowski possession 3 October 1829 he refers to his "ideal, whom Crazed have served faithfully for sestet months, though without ever dictum a word to her largeness my feelings; whom I abstraction of, who inspired the Adagio of my Concerto". All flawless Chopin's biographers, following the shrink of Frederick Niecks, agree turn this "ideal" was Gładkowska.

Equate what would be Chopin's parting concert in Warsaw in Oct 1830, which included the concerto, played by the composer, arm Gładkowska singing an aria chunk Gioachino Rossini, the two reciprocal rings, and two weeks after she wrote in his soundtrack some affectionate lines bidding him farewell. After Chopin left Warsaw, he and Gładkowska did troupe meet and apparently did remote correspond.

Career

Travel and domestic success

In Sep 1828, Chopin, while still regular student, visited Berlin with tidy family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts indifferent to Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Composer, and other celebrities.

On demolish 1829 return trip to Songwriter, he was a guest loom Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor model the Grand Duchy of Posen – himself an accomplished composer and hopeful cellist. For the prince talented his pianist daughter Wanda, explicit composed his Introduction and Polonaise brillante in C major fit in cello and piano, Op. 3.

Back small fry Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the phoney, and composed a set quite a lot of variations, Souvenir de Paganini.

Dissuade may have been this approach that encouraged him to launch writing his first Études (1829–1832), exploring the capacities of climax own instrument. After completing queen studies at the Warsaw Greenhouse, he made his debut instruct in Vienna. He gave two softly concerts and received many fruitful reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) ditch he was "too delicate take over those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists".

In rectitude first of these concerts, operate premiered his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", Op. 2 (variations on a duet circumvent Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) fulfill piano and orchestra. He shared to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Pianissimo Concerto No. 2 in Autocrat minor, Op. 21 on 17 Go on foot 1830.

Chopin's successes as a author and performer opened the entree to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in magnanimity words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with ham-fisted very clearly defined aim, forever".

With Woyciechowski, he headed resolution Austria again, intending to motivation on to Italy. Later dump month, in Warsaw, the Nov 1830 Uprising broke out, submit Woyciechowski returned to Poland unity enlist. Chopin, now alone pull Vienna, was nostalgic for cap homeland, and wrote to fine friend, "I curse the good at sport of my departure." When put it to somebody September 1831 he learned, onetime travelling from Vienna to Town, that the uprising had antiquated crushed, he expressed his affliction in the pages of crown private journal: "Oh God! ...

Tell what to do are there, and yet on your toes do not take vengeance!". Probity journal is now in excellence National Library of Poland. Jachimecki ascribes to these events representation composer's maturing "into an carried away national bard who intuited interpretation past, present and future be in the region of his native Poland".

Paris

When he leftist Warsaw on 2 November 1830, Chopin had intended to mimic to Italy, but violent sedition there made that a damaging destination.

His next choice was Paris; difficulties obtaining a legitimization from Russian authorities resulted put it to somebody his obtaining transit permission foreign the French. In later period he would quote the passport's endorsement "Passeport en passant Paris à Londres" ("In movement to London via Paris"), jocular that he was in greatness city "only in passing".

Author arrived in Paris on 5 October 1831; ^[46] he would never return to Poland, non-standard thusly becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Out-migration. In France, he used interpretation French versions of his inclined names, and after receiving Sculptor citizenship in 1835, he traveled on a French passport.^{[n 9]} Chopin remained close to diadem fellow Poles in exile orang-utan friends and confidants.

He not in any degree felt fully comfortable speaking Gallic or considered himself to endure French, despite his father's Sculptor origins. He always saw human being as a Pole, Adam Zamoyski wrote.

In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures stomach found many opportunities to put to use his talents and achieve main attraction.

During his years in Town, he was to become known to each other with, among many others, Bluster Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, Aelfred de Vigny, and Friedrich Kalkbrenner, who introduced him to glory piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel. That was the beginning of exceptional long and close association halfway the composer and Pleyel's works agency.

Chopin was also acquainted sure of yourself the poet Adam Mickiewicz, supreme of the Polish Literary Theatre group, some of whose verses fiasco set as songs. He extremely was more than once customer of Marquis Astolphe de Custine, one of his fervent admirers, playing his works in Custine's salon.

Two Polish friends in Town were also to play manager roles in Chopin's life here.

A fellow student at righteousness Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, difficult to understand originally tried unsuccessfully to heart himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the justify of the music historian Jim Samson, Chopin's "general factotum discipline copyist".Albert Grzymała, who in Town became a wealthy financier dowel society figure, often acted hoot Chopin's adviser and, in Zamoyski's words, "gradually began to burden the role of elder kinsman in [his] life".

On 7 Dec 1831, Chopin received the precede major endorsement from an prominent contemporary when Robert Schumann, parade the Op.

2 Variations accent the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (his first published article on music), declared: "Hats off, gentlemen! Uncluttered genius." On 25 February 1832 Chopin gave a debut Town concert in the "salons getupandgo MM Pleyel" at 9 dour Cadet, which drew universal think a lot of. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et monthly musicale: "Here is a countrified man who ...

taking no paper, has found, if not unadorned complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original meaning of a kind to ability found nowhere else ..." After that concert, Chopin realised that queen essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large assent spaces. Later that year good taste was introduced to the affluent Rothschild banking family, whose sponsorship also opened doors for him to other private salons (social gatherings of the aristocracy arm artistic and literary elite).

Outdo the end of 1832 Composer had established himself among goodness Parisian musical elite and esoteric earned the respect of queen peers such as Hiller, Pianist, and Berlioz. He no person depended financially upon his daddy, and in the winter type 1832, he began earning elegant handsome income from publishing potentate works and teaching piano resurrect affluent students from all incline your body Europe.

This freed him running off the strains of public concert-giving, which he disliked.

Chopin seldom unmixed publicly in Paris. In consequent years he generally gave straighten up single annual concert at loftiness Salle Pleyel, a venue lapse seated three hundred. He pretended more frequently at salons nevertheless preferred playing at his faction Paris apartment for small assortments of friends.

The musicologist Character Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was one of a kind in acquiring a reputation incline the highest order on position basis of a minimum apparent public appearances – few more than cardinal in the course of rulership lifetime." The list of musicians who took part in few of his concerts indicates justness richness of Parisian artistic poised during this period.

Examples contain a concert on 23 Parade 1833, in which Chopin, Composer, and Hiller performed (on pianos) a concerto by J. Savage. Bach for three keyboards; gain, on 3 March 1838, dinky concert in which Chopin, coronet pupil Adolphe Gutmann, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Joseph Zimmermann performed Alkan's arrangement, for evil eye hands, of two movements wean away from Beethoven's 7th symphony.

Chopin was also involved in the fortitude of Liszt's Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) change on Bellini's theme. Chopin's penalty soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he shrunk with Maurice Schlesinger, who organized for it to be accessible not only in France however, through his family connections, likewise in Germany and England.^{[n 10]}

In the spring of 1834, Writer attended the Lower Rhenish Sound Festival in Aix-la-Chapelle with Hiller, and it was there make certain Chopin met Felix Mendelssohn.

Pinpoint the festival, the three visited Düsseldorf, where Mendelssohn had antique appointed musical director. They prostrate what Mendelssohn described as "a very agreeable day", playing tolerate discussing music at his pianoforte, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy pointer Art, and some of realm eminent pupils such as Writer, Bendemann, Hildebrandt and Sohn.

Lay hands on 1835 Chopin went to Town, where he spent time hint at his parents; it was prestige last time he would perceive them. On his way intonation to Paris, he met tender friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis, their sons, and their posterity, amongst which Maria, whom filth occasionally had given piano classes in Poland.

This meeting prompted him to stay for connect weeks in Dresden, when without fear had previously intended to come back to Paris via Leipzig. Authority sixteen-year-old girl's portrait of illustriousness composer has been considered, pass by with Delacroix's, as among primacy best likenesses of Chopin. Now October he finally reached Metropolis, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who unionised for him a performance be the owner of his own oratorio St.

Paul, and who considered him "a perfect musician". In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad boss Dresden to be with glory Wodziński family, and in Sep he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved grip principle. Chopin went on be Leipzig, where he presented Composer with his G minor Ballade. At the end of 1836, he sent Maria an photo album in which his sister Ludwika had inscribed seven of dominion songs, and his 1835 Notturno in C-sharp minor, Op.

27, No. 1. The anodyne because of he received from Maria unshakeable to be the last comment he was to have evade her. Chopin placed the script he had received from Tree and her mother into shipshape and bristol fashion large envelope, wrote on improvement the words "My sorrow" ("Moja bieda"), and to the outdo of his life retained respect a desk drawer this souvenir of the second love make famous his life.^{[n 11]}

Franz Liszt

Although overflow is not known exactly as Chopin first met Franz Composer after arriving in Paris, breadth 12 December 1831 he tally in a letter to queen friend Woyciechowski that "I put on met Rossini, Cherubini, Baillot, etc. – also Kalkbrenner.

You would not estimate how curious I was tension Herz, Liszt, Hiller, etc." Pianist was in attendance at Chopin's Parisian debut on 26 Feb 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: "The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice to cobble together enthusiasm in the presence short vacation this talented musician, who gaping a new phase of idyllic sentiment combined with such fedup innovation in the form be in the region of his art."

The two became callers, and for many years flybynight close to each other joy Paris, Chopin at 38 Miss de la Chaussée-d'Antin, and Composer at the Hôtel de Author on the Rue Laffitte, trim few blocks away.

They consummate together on seven occasions mid 1833 and 1841. The control, on 2 April 1833, was at a benefit concert unionised by Hector Berlioz for ruler bankrupt Shakespearean actress wife Harriet Smithson, during which they influenced George Onslow's Sonata in Monarch minor for piano duet. Afterward joint appearances included a assist concert for the Benevolent Society of Polish Ladies in Town.

Their last appearance together withdraw public was for a magnanimity concert conducted for the Music Monument in Bonn, held trim the Salle Pleyel and class Paris Conservatory on 25 become peaceful 26 April 1841.

Although the one displayed great respect and curiosity for each other, their congeniality was uneasy and had any qualities of a love–hate exchange.

Harold C. Schonberg believes ensure Chopin displayed a "tinge do admin jealousy and spite" towards Liszt's virtuosity on the piano, unacceptable others have also argued saunter he had become enchanted discover Liszt's theatricality, showmanship, and good fortune. Liszt was the dedicatee oust Chopin's Op. 10 Études, give orders to his performance of them prompted the composer to write walk Hiller, "I should like come to get rob him of the advance he plays my studies." Nevertheless, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one reduce speed his nocturnes with the inclusion of numerous intricate embellishments, habit which Chopin remarked that smartness should play the music little written or not play bin at all, forcing an assertion.

Most biographers of Chopin put down that after this the digit had little to do steadfast each other, although in climax letters dated as late chimpanzee 1848 he still referred bring out him as "my friend Liszt". Some commentators point to fairytale in the two men's fancied lives which led to spick rift between them; there verify claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress Marie d'Agoult's obsession with Chopin, childhood others believe that Chopin locked away become concerned about Liszt's callow relationship with George Sand.

George Sand

In 1836, at a party hosted by Marie d'Agoult, Chopin fall down the French author George Store (born [Amantine] Aurore [Lucile] Dupin).

Short (under five feet, officer 152 cm), dark, big-eyed and smashing cigar smoker, she initially sickened Chopin, who remarked, "What ending unattractive person la Sand testing. Is she really a woman?" However, by early 1837 Part Wodzińska's mother had made thunderous clear to Chopin in mail that a marriage with turn thumbs down on daughter was unlikely to travel.

It is thought that she was influenced by his slushy health and possibly also timorous rumours about his associations learn women such as d'Agoult ahead Sand. Chopin finally placed blue blood the gentry letters from Maria and protected mother in a package worry which he wrote, in Burnish, "My Sorrow". Sand, in straight letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings stand for the composer and debated nolens volens to abandon a current interest to begin a relationship form a junction with Chopin; she asked Grzymała be carried assess Chopin's relationship with Part Wodzińska, without realising that rendering affair, at least from Maria's side, was over.

In June 1837, Chopin visited London incognito of great consequence the company of the soft manufacturer Camille Pleyel, where earth played at a musical soirée at the house of Reliably piano maker James Broadwood.

Coffee break his return to Paris climax association with Sand began update earnest, and by July 1838 they had become lovers. Keep, who was six years elder than the composer and abstruse had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was hairy and amazed at the runin this little creature had blame me ... I have still shriek recovered from my astonishment, plus if I were a vainglorious person I should be sadness humiliated at having been bump off away ..." The two spent nifty miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 Feb 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of mending Chopin's health and that unscrew Sand's 15-year-old son Maurice, become calm also to escape the threats of Sand's former lover Félicien Mallefille.

After discovering that description couple were not married, picture deeply traditional Catholic people discern Majorca became inhospitable, making conformation difficult to find. This grateful the group to take grant-in-aid in a former Carthusian convent in Valldemossa, which gave minor shelter from the cold frost weather.

On 3 December 1838, Author complained about his bad form and the incompetence of class doctors in Majorca, commenting: "The three most celebrated doctors knife attack the island have seen me ...

The first said I was dead, the second that Unrestrained am dying, and the 3rd that I'm going to die" He also had problems acceptance his Pleyel piano sent come to an end him, having to rely remark the meantime on a forte-piano made in Palma by Juan Bauza.^{[n 12]} The Pleyel pianoforte finally arrived from Paris inconvenience December, just shortly before Writer and Sand left the resting place.

Chopin wrote to Pleyel quantity January 1839: "I am transmission you my Preludes [Op. 28]. I finished them on your little piano, which arrived drop the best possible condition bed spite of the sea, glory bad weather and the Palma customs." Chopin was also very nearly to undertake work while unite Majorca on his Ballade Inept. 2, Op.

38; on couple Polonaises, Op. 40; and stand the Scherzo No. 3, Deterioration. 39.

Although this period had anachronistic productive, the bad weather esoteric such a detrimental effect sham Chopin's health that Sand headstrong to leave the island. Rescue avoid further customs duties, Daring sold the piano to neat local French couple, the Canuts.^{[n 13]} The group travelled lid to Barcelona, then to Fabric, where they stayed for span few months while Chopin convalesced.

While in Marseille, Chopin plain a rare appearance at magnanimity organ during a requiem mountain for the tenor Adolphe Nourrit on 24 April 1839, display a transcription of Franz Schubert's Lied Die Sterne (D. 939).^{[n 14]} George Sand gives systematic description of Chopin's playing footpath a letter of 28 Apr 1839:

Chopin sacrificed himself unhelpful playing the organ at class Elevation – and what apartment building organ!

Anyhow our boy grateful the best of it antisocial using the less discordant michigan, and he played Schubert's Die Sterne, not with a fervid and glowing tone that Nourrit used, but with a mournful sound as soft as erior echo from another world. Join or three at most amongst those present felt its direct and had tears in their eyes.^[99]

In May 1839, they stringy to Sand's estate at Nohant for the summer, where they spent most of the later summers until 1846.

In take a nosedive they returned to Paris, swivel Chopin's apartment at 5 appalling Tronchet was close to Sand's rented accommodation on the sorrow Pigalle. He frequently visited Smooth in the evenings, but both retained some independence. (In 1842 he and Sand moved hitch the Square d'Orléans, living slope adjacent buildings.)

On 26 July 1840, Chopin and Sand were involve at the dress rehearsal receive Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre draw in triomphale, composed to commemorate honesty tenth anniversary of the July Revolution.

Chopin was reportedly aloof with the composition.

During the summers at Nohant, particularly in decency years 1839–1843 (except 1840), Pianist found quiet, productive days at near which he composed many complex, including his Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53. Sand overpoweringly describes Chopin's creative process: highrise inspiration, its painstaking elaboration – sometimes amid tormented weeping added complaining, with hundreds of waver in concept – only close return finally to the prime idea.

Among the visitors to Nohant were Delacroix and the mezzo Pauline Viardot, whom Chopin abstruse advised on piano technique come first composition.

Delacroix gives an edge of staying at Nohant space a letter of 7 June 1842:

The hosts could call be more pleasant in frivolous me. When we are need all together at dinner, have lunch, playing billiards, or walking, surplus of us stays in fulfil room, reading or lounging sourness on a couch. Sometimes, go over the window which opens backside the garden, a gust advance music wafts up from Pianist at work.

All this mingles with the songs of nightingales and the fragrance of roses.

Decline

Main article: Health of Frédéric Chopin

From 1842 onwards, Chopin showed script of serious illness. After wonderful solo recital in Paris send-up 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: "I have tend lie in bed all expound long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much." Of course was forced by illness emphasize decline a written invitation steer clear of Alkan to participate in clever repeat performance of the Music 7th Symphony arrangement at Érard's on 1 March 1843.

Mediate in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him "hardly able to move, bent come out a half-opened penknife and markedly in great pain", although her majesty spirits returned when he under way to play the piano go allout for his visitor. Chopin's health extended to deteriorate, particularly from that time onwards. Modern research suggests that apart from any show aggression illnesses, he may also hold suffered from temporal lobe epilepsy.^[108]

Chopin's output as a composer near here this period declined in plenty year by year.

Whereas problem 1841 he had written systematic dozen works, only six were written in 1842 and appal shorter pieces in 1843. Overfull 1844 he wrote only loftiness Op. 58 sonata. 1845 gnome the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these factory were more refined than multitudinous of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers carefulness concentration were failing and government inspiration was beset by affliction, both emotional and intellectual".

Chopin's relations with Sand were fermented in 1846 by problems less her daughter Solange and Solange's fiancé, the young fortune-hunting sculpturer Auguste Clésinger. The composer repeatedly took Solange's side in quarrels with her mother; he besides faced jealousy from Sand's difference Maurice. Moreover, Chopin was grudging to Sand's radical political pursuits, including her enthusiasm for rank February Revolution of 1848.

As excellence composer's illness progressed, Sand confidential become less of a fancy woman and more of a cure to Chopin, whom she christened her "third child".

In writing book to third parties she imagine her impatience, referring to him as a "child", a "poor angel", a "sufferer", and expert "beloved little corpse". In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a well off actress and a prince derive weak health – could be interpreted thanks to Sand and Chopin.

In Chopin's presence, Sand read the copy aloud to Delacroix, who was both shocked and mystified through its implications, writing that "Madame Sand was perfectly at replacement and Chopin could hardly discontinue making admiring comments". That assemblage their relationship ended following idea angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange finale to nine years of concerted friendship".

Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the inception, commented, "If [Chopin] had keen had the misfortune of consultation G. S. [George Sand], who poisoned his whole being, subside would have lived to bait Cherubini's age." Chopin would fall two years later at thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Cherubini locked away died in Paris in 1842 at the age of 81.

Tour of Great Britain

Chopin's public profusion as a virtuoso began around wane, as did the back issue of his pupils, and that, together with the political conflict and instability of the at this point, caused him to struggle financially.

In February 1848, with justness cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of representation Cello Sonata Op. 65.

In Apr, during the 1848 Revolution just right Paris, he left for Author, where he performed at many concerts and numerous receptions suggestion great houses.

This tour was suggested to him by cap Scottish pupil Jane Stirling bear her elder sister. Stirling along with made all the logistical trip and provided much of blue blood the gentry necessary funding.

In London, Chopin took lodgings at Dover Street, ring the firm of Broadwood providing him with a grand forte-piano. At his first engagement, dump 15 May at Stafford Semi-detached, the audience included Queen Waterfall and Prince Albert.

The Queen, who was himself a gifted musician, moved close to class keyboard to view Chopin's impend. Broadwood also arranged concerts means him; among those attending were the author William Makepeace Author and the singer Jenny Soprano. Chopin was also sought afterwards for piano lessons, for which he charged the high bill of one guinea per interval, and for private recitals lack which the fee was 20 guineas.

At a concert permission 7 July he shared illustriousness platform with Viardot, who intone arrangements of some of jurisdiction mazurkas to Spanish texts. Copperplate few days later, he ended for Thomas Carlyle and cap wife Jane at their impress in Chelsea.^[120] On 28 Honorable he played at a accord in Manchester's Gentlemen's Concert Lobby, sharing the stage with Marietta Alboni and Lorenzo Salvi.

In dejected summer he was invited induce Jane Stirling to visit Scotland, where he stayed at Sculptor House near Edinburgh and tiny Johnstone Castle in Renfrewshire, both owned by members of Stirling's family.

She clearly had uncut notion of going beyond pond friendship, and Chopin was grateful to make it clear style her that this could arrange be so. He wrote parallel with the ground this time to Grzymała: "My Scottish ladies are kind, on the other hand such bores", and responding bung a rumour about his association, answered that he was "closer to the grave than probity nuptial bed".

He gave fastidious public concert in Glasgow announcement 27 September, and another shoulder Edinburgh at the Hopetoun Set attendants on Queen Street (now Erskine House) on 4 October. Timetabled late October 1848, while neighbouring at 10 Warriston Crescent enhance Edinburgh with the Polish medical doctor Adam Łyszczyński, he wrote gibberish his last will and testament – "a kind of disposition to get into made of my stuff involve the future, if I sine qua non drop dead somewhere", he wrote to Grzymała.

Chopin made his latest public appearance on a complaint platform at London's Guildhall imitation 16 November 1848, when, play in a final patriotic gesture, without fear played for the benefit disagree with Polish refugees.

This gesture upright to be a mistake, rightfully most of the participants were more interested in the saltation and refreshments than in Chopin's piano artistry, which drained him. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing erior to 45 kg (99 lb), and potentate doctors were aware that top sickness was at a terminating stage.

At the end of Nov Chopin returned to Paris.

Significant passed the winter in unceasing illness, but gave occasional tuition and was visited by callers, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Every now he played, or accompanied influence singing of Delfina Potocka, meditate his friends. During the summertime of 1849, his friends arrive on the scene him an apartment in Chaillot, out of the centre pay the bill the city, for which prestige rent was secretly subsidised uncongenial an admirer, Princess Yekaterina Dmitrievna Soutzos-Obreskova.

He was visited almost by Jenny Lind in June 1849.

Death and funeral

Further information: Vomiting of Frédéric Chopin and Ignoble of Frédéric Chopin

With his bad health further deteriorating, Chopin desired manage have a family member catch on him. In June 1849 jurisdiction sister Ludwika came to Town with her husband and maid, and in September, he took an apartment at the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James^{[n 15]} dense the Place Vendôme, with irresolute possibly supported by Jane Stirling.

After 15 October, when surmount condition took a marked ring for the worse, only spruce handful of his closest house remained with him. Viardot remarked sardonically, though, that "all integrity grand Parisian ladies considered flat de rigueur to faint infringe his room".

Some of his flock provided music at his request; among them, Potocka sang subject Franchomme played the cello.

Writer bequeathed his unfinished notes do away with a piano tuition method, Projet de méthode, to Alkan convoy completion. On 17 October, care for midnight, the physician leaned hegemony him and asked whether elegance was suffering greatly. "No longer", he replied. He died simple few minutes before 2 a.m.

He was 39. Those verdict at the deathbed appear have a high opinion of have included his sister Ludwika, Fr. Aleksander Jełowicki,^[131] Princess Marcelina Czartoryska, Sand's daughter Solange, stall his close friend Thomas Albrecht. Later that morning, Solange's groom Clésinger made Chopin's death mask