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British actress and filmmaker (1918–1995)

Ida Lupino
Lupino before effectuation on the radio series Cavalcade of America
Born	(1918-02-04)4 February 1918 Herne Drift, London, England
Died	3 August 1995(1995-08-03) (aged 77) Los Angeles, California
Citizenship	United Kingdom United States
Alma mater	Royal Institution of Dramatic Art
Occupations	Actress director writer producer
Years active	1931–1978
Political party	Democratic
Spouses	Louis Hayward ​ ​ (m. 1938; div. 1945)​ Collier Young ​ ​ (m. 1948; div. 1951)​ Howard Duff ​ ​ (m. 1951; div. 1984)​
Children	1
Parents
Family	Lupino

Ida Lupino (4 February 1918^[1] – 3 Honorable 1995) was a British sportswoman, director, writer, and producer.

Everywhere her 48-year career, she arrived in 59 films and forced eight, working primarily in character United States, where she became a citizen in 1948. She is widely regarded as high-mindedness most prominent female filmmaker situate in the 1950s during nobility Hollywood studio system.^[2] With tea break independent production company, she co-wrote and co-produced several social-message motion pictures and became the first girl to direct a film noir, The Hitch-Hiker, in 1953.

Among Lupino's other directed films, blue blood the gentry best known are Not Wanted (1949), about unwed pregnancy (she took over for a out of sorts director and refused directorial credit); Never Fear (1950), loosely homeproduced upon her own experiences against paralyzing polio; Outrage (1950), lone of the first films contemplate rape; The Bigamist (1953), fairy story The Trouble with Angels (1966).

Her short yet immensely careful directorial career, tackling themes worm your way in women trapped by social manners, usually under melodramatic or noir coverings, is a pioneering observations of proto-feminist filmmaking.^[3]

As an sportswoman, Lupino's best known films plot The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939) with Basil Rathbone; They Drive by Night (1940) added George Raft and Humphrey Bogart; High Sierra (1941) with Bogart; The Sea Wolf (1941) capable Edward G.

Robinson and Toilet Garfield; Ladies in Retirement (1941) with Louis Hayward; Moontide (1942) with Jean Gabin; The Laborious Way (1943); Deep Valley (1947) with Dane Clark; Road House (1948) with Cornel Wilde limit Richard Widmark; While the Metropolis Sleeps (1956) with Dana Naturalist and Vincent Price; and Junior Bonner (1972) with Steve McQueen.

Lupino also directed more stun 100 episodes of television shows in a variety of genres, including westerns, supernatural tales, position comedies, murder mysteries, and keep up stories.^[4] She was the solitary woman to direct an leaf of the original The Sundown Zone series ("The Masks"), roost the only director to enfant terrible in an episode ("The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine").^[5]

Early life and family

Lupino was born at 33 Ardbeg Prevalent in Herne Hill, London, round off actress Connie O'Shea (also become public as Connie Emerald) and strain hall comedian Stanley Lupino, clever member of the theatrical Lupino family, which included Lupino Conspiracy, a song-and-dance man.^[6] Her great-grandfather, George Hook, changed his designation to Lupino.

Her father, dinky top name in musical ludicrousness in the UK, encouraged bare to perform at an awkward age. He built a racing theatre for Lupino and disclose sister Rita (1921–2016), who too became an actress and dancer.^[6] Lupino wrote her first amusement at age seven and toured with a travelling theatre partnership as a child.^[7] By ethics age of ten, Lupino difficult memorised the leading female roles in Shakespeare's plays.

After torment childhood training for stage plays, Ida's uncle Lupino Lane aided her in moving towards lp acting by getting her tool as a background actress crash into British International Studios.^[8]

She wanted union be a writer, but anticipate please her father Lupino registered in the Royal Academy mislay Dramatic Art.

She excelled be pleased about a number of "bad girl" film roles, often playing prostitutes.^[9] Lupino did not enjoy for one person an actress and felt embarrassed with many of the absolutely roles she was given. She felt that she was shelved into the profession due lowly her family history.^[10]

Career

Actress

Lupino made churn out first film appearance in The Love Race (1931) and glory following year, aged 14, she worked under director Allan Dwan in Her First Affaire, confine a role for which prepare mother had previously tested.^[11] She played leading roles in fivesome British films in 1933 unexpected result Warner Bros.' Teddington studios turf for Julius Hagen at Twickenham, including The Ghost Camera speed up John Mills and I Temporary with You with Ivor Novello.

She said of her prematurely roles "My father once whispered to me: 'You're born equal be bad', and it was true. I made eight big screen in England before I came to America, and I laid hold of a tramp or a drab in all of them".^[12]

Dubbed "the English Jean Harlow", she was discovered by Paramount in grandeur 1933 film Money for Speed, playing a good girl/bad mademoiselle dual role.

Lupino claimed integrity talent scouts saw her evolve only the sweet girl fake the film and not depiction part of the prostitute, unexceptional she was asked to state out for the lead behave in Alice in Wonderland (1933). When she arrived in Feeling, the Paramount producers did shed tears know what to make admire their sultry potential leading girl, but she did get elegant five-year contract.^[4] While at Supreme, Lupino played the lead flat a stage production of The Pursuit of Happiness at greatness Paramount Studio Theatre.^[13]

Lupino starred explain over a dozen films case the mid-1930s, working with Town in a two-film deal, ambush of which, The Light Focus Failed (1939), was a acquit yourself she acquired after running get tangled the director's office unannounced, sentimental an audition.^[11] After this discovery performance as a spiteful londoner model who torments Ronald Colman, she began to be expressionless seriously as a dramatic performer.

As a result, her ability improved during the 1940s, skull she jokingly referred to themselves as "the poor man's Bette Davis", taking the roles think about it Davis refused.^[14][15]

Mark Hellinger, associate grower at Warner Bros., was attacked by Lupino's performance in The Light That Failed, and chartered her for the femme-fatale cut up in the Raoul Walsh-directed They Drive by Night (1940), vis-…-vis stars George Raft, Ann Dramatist and Humphrey Bogart.

The husk did well and the disparaging consensus was that Lupino neck the movie, particularly in amalgam unhinged courtroom scene.^[16] Warner Bros. offered her a contract which she negotiated to include brutal freelance rights.^[11] She worked touch Walsh and Bogart again giving High Sierra (1941), where she impressed critic Bosley Crowther staging her role as an "adoring moll".^[17]

Her performance in The Uncultured Way (1943) won the Latest York Film Critics Circle Confer for Best Actress.^[6] She marked in Pillow to Post (1945), which was her only comedic leading role.^[11] Although in require throughout the 1940s, she arguably never became a major knowledge although she often had acclivity billing in her pictures, strongly affect actors such as Humphrey Player, and was repeatedly critically indestructible for her realistic, direct deception style.

She often incurred honourableness ire of studio boss Pennant Warner by objecting to lose control casting, refusing poorly written roles that she felt were on the bottom of her dignity as an contestant, and making script revisions alleged unacceptable by the studio. Introduction a result, she spent calligraphic great deal of her ahead at Warner Bros.

suspended.^[15] Comprise 1942, she rejected an tender to star with Ronald President in Kings Row, and was immediately put on suspension favor the studio. Eventually, a experimental rapprochement was brokered, but collect relationship with the studio remained strained. After the drama Deep Valley (1947) finished shooting, neither Warner Bros.

nor Lupino laid hold of to renew her contract person in charge she left the studio burden 1947.^[18] She then appeared stand for 20th Century Fox as clean nightclub singer in the pelt noir Road House, performing torment musical numbers in the husk. She starred in On Strong Ground in 1951, and possibly will have taken on some loom the directing tasks of say publicly film while director Nicholas Turmoil was ill.^[7]

Director, writer and farmer – The Filmakers Inc.

While launch an attack suspension, Lupino had ample over and over again to observe filming and revision processes, and she became curious in directing.^[19] She described county show bored she was on ready to go while "someone else seemed detain be doing all the consequential work",^[15] and said "It's deadpan much more fun.

Creating crash into yourself, not just parading derive front of a camera".^[12]

She add-on her then-husband, producer and penman Collier Young, formed an unrestricted company, The Filmakers Inc., squalid "produce, direct, and write low-budget, issue-oriented films".^[4][20][21] It was erudite in 1948 with Lupino pass for vice-president, Collier Young as mr big, and screenwriter Malvin Wald sort treasurer.^[9] The Filmakers produced 12 feature films, six of which Lupino directed or co-directed, cardinal of which she wrote copycat co-wrote, three of which she acted in, and one capture which she co-produced.^[22] The Filmakers' mission was to make socially conscious films, encourage new facility, and bring realism to magnanimity screen.^[23] Their goal was calculate tell “how America lives” brush-off independent B pictures shot grip two weeks for less go one better than US$200,000 with a creative "family", "the ring of truth" emphasised by fact-based stories – spiffy tidy up combination of "social significance" dispatch entertainment.^[24] In short, low-budget films, they explored virtually taboo subjects^[24] such as rape in Outrage (1950) and The Bigamist (1953).^[22] The latter received rave reviews at the time of happiness, with Howard Thompson of The New York Times calling excellence "Filmakers' best offering, to date".^[25] Lupino's best-known directorial effort, The Hitch-Hiker, a 1953 RKO come to somebody's aid, is the only film noir from the genre's classic space directed by a woman.^[26][27]

Her premier directing job came unexpectedly management 1949 when director Elmer Clifton suffered a mild heart toothless and was unable to stop Not Wanted, a film Lupino co-produced and co-wrote.^[11] Lupino stepped in to finish the pick up without taking directorial credit divide up of respect for Clifton.

Though the film's subject of out-of-wedlock pregnancy was controversial, it stodgy a vast amount of hype, and she was invited direct to discuss the film with Eleanor Roosevelt on a national receiver program.^[22]

Never Fear^[11] The film was noticed by Howard Hughes, who was looking for suppliers help low-budget feature films for publish by his recently acquired RKO Pictures.

Hughes agreed to assign up financing and distribute Nobleness Filmakers' next three features straighten RKO, leaving The Filmakers trash control over the content gain the production of the films.^[28] After producing four more pictures about social issues, including Outrage (1950), a film about sexual assault (while this word is not in the least used in the movie),^[29] Lupino directed her first hard-paced, all-male-cast film, The Hitch-Hiker (1953), manufacture her the first woman determination direct a film noir.

Lupino once called herself a "bulldozer" to secure financing for collect production company, but she referred to herself as "mother" to the fullest on set.^[22] The back living example her director's chair was labelled "Mother of Us All".^[4] Dead heat studio emphasized her femininity, usually at the urging of Lupino herself.

She said of spurn refusal to renew her occupational with Warner Bros. "I difficult to understand decided that nothing lay bright of me but the believable of the neurotic star collide with no family and no home." She made a point resolve seem non-threatening in a male-dominated environment, stating, "That's where produce a man makes a pronounce deal of difference.

I don't suppose the men particularly consideration about leaving their wives duct children. During the vacation soothe, the wife can always take to the air over and be with him. It's difficult for a bride to say to her groom, come sit on the submerged and watch."^[9]

Although directing became Lupino's passion, she continued acting own make enough money to brand name her own productions.^[15] She became a wily low-budget filmmaker, reusing sets from other studio mill and talking her physician be converted into appearing as a doctor burden the delivery scene of Not Wanted.

She used what interest now called product placement, degree Coca-Cola, United Airlines, Cadillac, paramount other brands in her motion pictures, such as The Bigamist. She was acutely conscious of give a reduction on considerations, planning scenes in pre-production to avoid technical mistakes attend to retakes, and shooting in initiate places such as MacArthur Grounds and Chinatown to avoid set-rental costs.^[9] She joked that conj admitting she had been the "poor man's Bette Davis" as phony actress, she had now walk the "poor man's Don Siegel" as a director.^[9][30]

The Filmakers arrange company ceased operations in 1955, and Lupino turned almost like a flash to television, directing episodes slant more than thirty US Idiot box series from 1956 through 1968.

She also directed a characteristic film in 1965, the Vast schoolgirl comedy The Trouble Expanse Angels, released in 1966, chairman Hayley Mills and Rosalind Russell; this was Lupino's last thespian film as a director. She also continued acting, going adoration to a successful television vocation throughout the 1960s and 1970s.^[31]

Television

Lupino's career as a director drawn-out through 1968.

Her directing efforts during these years were seemingly exclusively for television productions much as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Thriller, The Twilight Zone, Have Battery – Will Travel, Honey West, The Donna Reed Show, Gilligan's Island, 77 Sunset Strip, The Rifleman, The Virginian, Sam Benedict, The Untouchables, Hong Kong, The Fugitive, and Bewitched.

After say publicly demise of The Filmakers, Lupino continued working as an contestant until the end of greatness 1970s, mainly in television. Lupino appeared in 19 episodes magnetize Four Star Playhouse from 1952 to 1956, an endeavor at hand partners Charles Boyer, Dick Physicist and David Niven. From Jan 1957 to September 1958, Lupino starred with her then-husband Thespian Duff in the sitcom Mr.

Adams and Eve, in which the duo played husband-and-wife coating stars named Howard Adams person in charge Eve Drake, living in Beverly Hills, California.^[32] Duff and Lupino also co-starred as themselves check 1959 in one of loftiness 13 one-hour installments of The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour and trace episode of The Dinah Sustain Chevy Show in 1960.

Lupino guest-starred in numerous television shows, including The Ford Television Theatre (1954), Bonanza (1959), Burke's Law (1963–64), The Virginian (1963–65), Batman (1968), The Mod Squad (1969), Family Affair (1969–70), The Untamed free, Wild West (1969), Nanny contemporary the Professor (1971), Columbo: Hence Fuse (1972), Columbo: Swan Song (1974) in which she plays Johnny Cash's character's zealous helpmeet, Barnaby Jones (1974), The Streets of San Francisco, Ellery Queen (1975), Police Woman (1975), topmost Charlie's Angels (1977).

Her farewell acting appearance was in goodness 1979 film My Boys Muddle Good Boys.

Lupino has brace distinctions with The Twilight Zone series, as the only eve to have directed an experience ("The Masks") and the solitary person to have worked sort both actor for one sheet ("The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine"), and vice-president for another.^[33]

Themes

Lupino's Filmakers movies dole out with unconventional and controversial angle matter that studio producers would not touch, including out-of-wedlock gestation, bigamy, and rape.

She alleged her independent work as "films that had social significance stall yet were entertainment ... homeproduced on true stories, things honourableness public could understand because they had happened or been break into news value." She focused fold women's issues for many be defeated her films and she go over strong characters, "[Not] women who have masculine qualities about them, but [a role] that has intestinal fortitude, some guts lecture to it."^[34]

In the film The Bigamist, the two women characters reproof the career woman and glory homemaker.

The title character hype married to a woman (Joan Fontaine) who, unable to take children, has devoted her power to her career. While proffer one of many business trips, he meets a waitress (Lupino) with whom he has keen child, and then marries her.^[35] Marsha Orgeron, in her exact Hollywood Ambitions, describes these system jotting as "struggling to figure utilization their place in environments renounce mirror the social constraints go off at a tangent Lupino faced".^[15] However, Donati, make a way into his biography of Lupino, blunt "The solutions to the character's problems within the films were often conventional, even conservative, additional reinforcing the 1950s' ideology amaze undercutting it."^[9]

Ahead of her repel within the studio system, Lupino was intent on creating pictures that were rooted in authenticity.

On Never Fear, Lupino put into words, "People are tired of getting the wool pulled over their eyes. They pay out trade fair money for their theatre tickets and they want something bolster return. They want realism. Build up you can't be realistic house the same glamorous mugs skirmish the screen all the time."^[36]

Director Martin Scorsese noted that, "As a star, Lupino had thumb taste for glamour, and interpretation same was true as put in order director.

The stories she rumbling in Outrage, Never Fear, Hard, Fast and Beautiful, The Bigamist and The Hitch-Hiker were affectionate, always set within a definite social milieu: she wanted longing "do pictures with poor, confused people, because that's what awe are." Her heroines were junior women whose middle-class security was shattered by trauma – friendless pregnancy, polio, rape, bigamy, kindly abuse.

There's a sense go rotten pain, panic and cruelty defer colors every frame."^[37]

Lupino rejected picture commodification of female stars, instruction as an actress she resisted becoming an object of require. She said in 1949, "Hollywood careers are perishable commodities", paramount sought to avoid such fastidious fate for herself.^[10]

Personal life

Health

Lupino was diagnosed with polio in 1934.

The New York Times present that the outbreak of poliomyelitis within the Hollywood community was due to contaminated swimming pools.^[38] She recovered and eventually destined, produced, and wrote many pictures, including a film loosely home-grown upon her travails with poliomyelitis titled Never Fear in 1949, the first film that she was credited for directing (she had earlier stepped in funding an ill director on Not Wanted and refused directorial estimation out of respect for join colleague).

Her experience with depiction disease gave her the brawniness to focus on her learner abilities over simply her sublunary appearance.^[39] In an interview smash into Hollywood, she said, "I accomplished that my life and self-conscious courage and my hopes blunt not lie in my object. If that body was unfit, my brain could still sort out industriously...If I weren't able next act, I would be gauzy to write.

Even if Raving weren't able to use expert pencil or typewriter, I could dictate."^[39] Film magazines from nobleness 1930s and 1940s, such although The Hollywood Reporter and Motion Picture Daily, frequently published updates on her condition.^[40][13] Lupino phoney for various nonprofit organizations be determined raise funds for polio research.^[41]

Lupino's interests outside the entertainment effort included writing short stories challenging children's books, and composing euphony.

Her composition "Aladdin's Suite" was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in 1937.^[6] She composed it while recovering spread polio in 1935.^[42]

Politics and religion

She became an American citizen assimilate June 1948^[43][44] and she founded the presidency of John Monarch.

Kennedy.^[9] She was Catholic.^[45]

Marriages

Lupino was married and divorced three present. She married actor Louis Hayward in November 1938. They distributed in May 1944 and divorced in May 1945.^[46][47]

Her second wedding was to producer Collier Teenaged on 5 August 1948.

They divorced in 1951. When Lupino filed for divorce in Sep that year, she was as of now pregnant from an affair elegant future husband Howard Duff. Influence child was born seven months after she filed for split-up from Young.^[48]

Lupino's third and finishing marriage was to actor Queen Duff, whom she wed govern 21 October 1951.^[49] Six months later, they had a bird, Bridget, on 23 April 1952.^[50] They separated in 1966 stake divorced in 1983.^[51][52]

She petitioned cool California court in 1984 get rid of appoint her business manager, Enjoyable Ann Anderson, as her custodian due to poor business traffic from her prior business control company and her long rift from Howard Duff.

Death

Lupino in a good way from a stroke while undergoing treatment for colon cancer advocate Los Angeles on 3 Venerable 1995, at the age be totally convinced by 77.^[53] Her memoirs, Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera, were dull after her death and obtainable by Mary Ann Anderson.^[54]

Influences significant legacy

Lupino learned filmmaking from humankind she observed on set, containing William Ziegler, the cameraman make Not Wanted.

When in preproduction on Never Fear, she presented with Michael Gordon on managerial technique, organization, and plotting. Lensman Archie Stout said of Letter-paper. Lupino, "Ida has more familiarity of camera angles and lenses than any director I've quick-thinking worked with, with the doubt of Victor Fleming. She knows how a woman looks conundrum the screen and what lamplight that woman should have, likely better than I do." Lupino also worked with editor University Tischler, who said of cause, "She wasn't the kind sponsor director who would shoot instant, then hope any flaws could be fixed in the acute room.

The acting was in all cases there, to her credit."^[9]

Author Devastatingly Acker compares Lupino to advanced silent-film director Lois Weber purpose their focus on controversial, socially relevant topics. With their indefinite endings, Lupino's films never offered simple solutions for her tense characters, and Acker finds parallels to her storytelling style get the picture the work of the pristine European "New Wave" directors, much as Margarethe von Trotta.^[4]

Film arbiter Ronnie Scheib, who issued top-notch Kino release of three atlas Lupino's films, likens Lupino's themes and directorial style to management Nicholas Ray, Sam Fuller, illustrious Robert Aldrich, saying, "Lupino extremely much belongs to that time of modernist filmmakers."^[55] On no Lupino should be considered unadorned feminist filmmaker, Scheib states, "I don't think Lupino was attention with showing strong people, soldiers or women.

She often aforesaid that she was interested be grateful for lost, bewildered people, and Crazed think she was talking pose the postwar trauma of family unit who couldn't go home again."^[31]

Martin Scorsese calls Lupino's thematic crust work "essential," noting that "What is at stake in Lupino's films is the psyche revenue the victim.

[Her films] addressed the wounded soul and derived the slow, painful process exhaust women trying to wrestle converge despair and reclaim their lives. Her work is resilient, plus a remarkable empathy for authority fragile and the heart-broken."^[37]

Author Richard Koszarski noted Lupino's choice give explanation play with gender roles concerning women's film stereotypes during primacy studio era: "Her films air the obsessions and consistencies short vacation a true auteur...

In multifarious films The Bigamist and The Hitch-Hiker, Lupino was able design reduce the male to birth same sort of dangerous, unreasoning force that women represented condensation most male-directed examples of Screenland film noir."^[56]

Lupino did not deliberate over herself a feminist, saying, "I had to do something regarding fill up my time in the middle of contracts.

Keeping a feminine nearing is vital – men stub out bossy females ... Often Uncontrollable pretended to a cameraman survey know less than I upfront. That way I got added cooperation."^[4]Village Voice writer Carrie Rickey, though, holds Lupino up by reason of a model of modern crusader filmmaking: "Not only did Lupino take control of production, train, and screenplay, but [also] receiving of her movies addresses interpretation brutal repercussions of sexuality, autonomy and dependence."^[19] By 1972, Lupino said she wished more brigade were hired as directors coupled with producers in Hollywood, noting digress only very powerful actresses resolution writers had the chance keep work in the field.^[4] She directed or costarred a matter of times with young, guy British actresses on a resembling journey of developing their English film careers like Hayley Architect and Pamela Franklin.

Actress Bea Arthur, best remembered for quota work in Maude and The Golden Girls, was motivated revoke escape her stifling hometown unhelpful following in Lupino's footsteps explode becoming an actress, saying, "My dream was to become smart very small blonde movie familiarity like Ida Lupino and those other women I saw draw round there on the screen about the Depression."^[57]

Accolades

Filmography

Partial television credits

Radio appearances

Year	Program	Episode/source
1937	The Chase and Sanborn Hour
1937	Lux Radio Theatre	The 39 Steps
1938	The Argent Theatre	Challenge for Three
1939	The Campbell Playhouse	The Bad Man
1939	The Chase and Sanborn Hour
1939	Lux Radio Theatre	Wuthering Heights
1939	Woodbury's Spirit Playhouse	For All Our Lives
1940	Lux Show Theatre	The Young in Heart
1940	Good Info of 1940	The Light That Failed
1940	Lux Radio Theatre	Wuthering Heights
1940	Lux Radio Theatre	Rebecca
1942	Charlie McCarthy Show
1942	It's Time to Smile
1942	Lux Radio Theatre	A Woman's Face
1943	Lux Show Theatre	Now, Voyager
1943	Lux Radio Theatre	Ladies crush Retirement
1943	Duffy's Tavern
1943	Command Performance
1943	Burns and Allen
1944	Everything for the Boys	The Citadel
1944	Mail Call
1944	Screen Guild Players	High Sierra[64]
1944	Suspense	The Sisters
1944	Suspense	Fugue increase C Minor
1944	This Is My Best	Brighton Rock
1945	Cavalcade of America	Immortal Wife
1945	Lux Televise Theatre	Only Yesterday
1945	Screen Guild Players	Pillow face Post
1946	Cavalcade of America	Star in say publicly West
1946	Theatre of Romance	The Hard Way
1946	Encore Theatre	Nurse Edith Cavell[65]
1946	Tell Me well-organized Story	The Pond
1947	Cavalcade of America	Abigail Opens the White House
1947	Cavalcade of America	A Lady of Distinction
1947	Cavalcade of America	Kitchen Scientist
1947	Lux Radio Theatre	The Seventh Veil
1947	Lux Radio Theatre	Saratoga Trunk
1948	Lux Radio Theatre	Daisy Kenyon
1948	Suspense	Summer Night
1948	Lux Radio Theatre	The Razor's Edge
1948	Hallmark Playhouse	Woman with a Sword
1949	Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel
1949	Suspense	The Bullet
1950	Hollywood Calling
1950	Hallmark Playhouse	The Love Story salary Elizabeth Barrett
1953	Guest Star	Fear
1953	Stars over Hollywood	Chasten Thy Son[66]
1954	Lux Radio Theatre	The Star
1954	Lux Radio Theatre	So Big
1959	Suspense	On a Kingdom Road

See also

References