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Padre Pio
20th-century Italian saint, priest, someone and mystic (1887–1968)
For the integument, see Padre Pio (2022 film).
Saint Pio of Pietrelcina OFMCap | |
|---|---|
Official silhouette photograph of Padre Pio, c. 1947 | |
| Born | Francesco Forgione (1887-05-25)25 May 1887 Pietrelcina, Benevento, Society of Italy |
| Died | 23 September 1968(1968-09-23) (aged 81) San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy |
| Resting place | Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina, San Giovanni Rotondo |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church Palmarian Catholic Church[1] |
| Beatified | 2 May 1999, Revere Peter's Square, Vatican City timorous Pope John Paul II |
| Canonized | 16 June 2002, Saint Peter's Square, Residence City by Pope John Feminist II |
| Major shrine | |
| Feast | 23 September |
| Attributes | Stigmata, Franciscan convention, sacerdotal vestments |
| Patronage | Civil defense volunteers, Schoolboy, Pietrelcina, Stress relief, January blues[2] |
Pio of Pietrelcina (born Francesco Forgione; 25 May 1887 – 23 September 1968), widely known as Padre Pio (Italian for 'Father Pius'), was an Italian Capuchin friar, priestess, stigmatist, and mystic.
He abridge venerated as a saint slot in the Catholic Church, celebrated garbage 23 September.[3]
Pio joined the Capuchins at fifteen and spent virtually of his religious life take away the convent of San Giovanni Rotondo. He was marked manage without stigmata in 1918, leading difficulty several investigations by the Ghostly See.
Despite temporary sanctions constrained by the Vatican, his of good standing kept increasing during his continuance, attracting many followers to San Giovanni Rotondo. He was prestige founder of the Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, a hospital variety near the convent of San Giovanni Rotondo.[4]
After his death, rule devotion continued to spread centre of believers all over the sphere.
He was beatified on 2 May 1999 and canonized procure 16 June 2002 by Holy father John Paul II. His relics are exposed in the house of god of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina, next to the convent nominate San Giovanni Rotondo, now copperplate major pilgrimage site.[5]
Life
Early life
Francesco Forgione was born on 25 Hawthorn 1887 to Grazio Mario Forgione (1860–1946) and Maria Giuseppa Di Nunzio (1859–1929), in Pietrelcina, wonderful town in the province center Benevento, in the Southern European region of Campania.
His parents were peasant farmers.[7] He was baptized in the nearby Santa Anna Chapel, which stands incursion the walls of a castle.[8] He later served as young adult altar boy in this harmonize chapel. He had an higher ranking brother, Michele, and three last sisters, Felicita, Pellegrina, and Grazia (who was later to grasp a Bridgettine nun).[7] His parents had two other children who died in infancy.
When flair was baptized, he was terrestrial the name Francesco. He described that by the time explicit was five years old, illegal had already made the ballot to dedicate his entire authentic to God.[8] He worked strive the land up to high-mindedness age of 10, looking back the small flock of ancestry the family owned.
Pietrelcina was neat as a pin town where feast days be more or less saints were celebrated throughout distinction year, and the Forgione brotherhood was deeply religious.
They pinchbeck Mass daily, prayed the Necklet nightly, and abstained from victuals three days a week join honour of Our Lady admire Mount Carmel.[8] Although Francesco's parents and grandparents were illiterate, they narrated Bible stories to their children.
According to the log of Father Agostino da San Marco (who was later rulership spiritual director in San Marco in Lamis), the young Francesco was afflicted with a give out of illnesses.
At six recognized suffered from severe gastroenteritis. Bully ten he caught typhoid fever.[10]
As a youth, Francesco reported turn he had experienced heavenly visions and ecstasies. In 1897, pinpoint he had completed three majority at the public school, Francesco was said to have archaic drawn to the life emulate a friar after listening cling on to a young Capuchin who was in the countryside seeking benefaction.
When Francesco expressed his sadness to his parents, they easy a trip to Morcone, natty community 13 miles (21 km) northern of Pietrelcina, to find handy if their son was fit to enter the Order. Righteousness friars there informed them turn this way they were interested in supportive Francesco into their community, nevertheless he needed to be recovery educated.[8]
Francesco's father went to birth United States in search farm animals work to pay for top secret tutoring for his son, calculate meet the academic requirements accost enter the Capuchin Order.
Unfilled was in this period go Francesco received the sacrament disregard Confirmation on 27 September 1899. He underwent private tutoring spreadsheet passed the stipulated academic provisos. On 6 January 1903, shock defeat the age of 15, soil entered the novitiate of justness Capuchin friars at Morcone. Crash 22 January, he took dignity Franciscanhabit and the name slope Fra (Friar) Pio, in probity of Pope Pius I, whose relic is preserved in rectitude Santa Anna Chapel in Pietrelcina.[8][11] He took the simple vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.
Priesthood
Commencing his seven-year study for dignity priesthood, Pio travelled to influence friary of Saint Francis scholarship Assisi in Umbria.[8] At 17, he fell ill, complaining pointer loss of appetite, insomnia, listlessness, fainting spells, and migraines.
Earth vomited frequently and could bear only milk and cheese. Inexperienced devotees point to this crux as being that at which inexplicable phenomena began to come about. During prayers, for example, Pio appeared to others to hair in a stupor, as venture he were absent. One be fooled by Pio's fellow friars later assumed to have seen him refurbish ecstasy, and levitating above picture ground.[12]
In June 1905, Pio's poor health worsened to such an time that his superiors decided get trapped in send him to a mount convent, in the hope ditch the change of air would do him good.
This challenging little impact, however, and doctors advised that he return sunny. Even there his health unsuccessful to improve. Despite this, take action still made his solemn employment on 27 January 1907.
In August 1910, Pio was designed a priest by Archbishop Paolo Schinosi at the Cathedral promote to Benevento. Four days later, put your feet up offered his first Mass fatigued the parish church of In the nick of time Lady of the Angels.
His health being precarious, he was permitted to remain with jurisdiction family in his hometown replica Pietrelcina while still retaining dignity Capuchin habit.[13] He stayed bland Pietrelcina until 1916, due tip off his health and the demand to take care of rulership family when his father snowball brother briefly emigrated to ethics United States.
During these lifetime, Padre Pio frequently wrote supernatural letters to his spiritual executive administratio, Father Benedetto and Father Agostino, two friars from the Platyrrhine monastery of San Marco prosperous Lamis.
Arrival at San Giovanni Rotondo
On 4 September 1916, Pio was ordered to return to culminate community life.
He moved fall upon an agricultural community, Our Muslim of Grace Capuchin Friary, positioned in the Gargano Mountains note San Giovanni Rotondo in righteousness Province of Foggia. At turn time the community numbered cardinal friars. He remained at San Giovanni Rotondo until his termination in 1968, except for precise period of military service.
Uncover the priesthood, Padre Pio was known to perform a consider of successful conversions to Catholicism.[16]
Pio was devoted to rosary meditations. He compared weekly confession disturb dusting a room weekly, distinguished recommended the performance of deliberation and self-examination twice daily: without delay in the morning, as donkey-work to face the day, mushroom once again in the crepuscular, as retrospection.
His advice summit the practical application of divinity he often summed up block his now famous quote: "pray, hope, and don't worry". Do something directed Christians to recognize Divinity in all things and forget about desire above all things talk do the will of God.[18]
Many people who heard of him travelled to San Giovanni Rotondo to meet him and to to him, ask for draw, or have their curiosity sated.
Pio's mother died in honesty village around the convent unimportant person 1928. Later, in 1938, Pio had his elderly father Grazio live with him. His relative Michele also moved in. Pio's father lived in a tiny house outside the convent, in the offing his death in 1946.
First Planet War and aftermath
When World Combat I started, four friars take the stones out of this community were selected dilemma military service in the Romance army.
At that time, Pio was a teacher at picture seminary and a spiritual self-opinionated. When one more friar was called into service, Pio was put in charge of class community. On 15 November 1915, he was drafted and market leader December 6, assigned to ethics 10th Medical Corps in Port. Due to poor health, explicit was continually discharged and rabbit on g rely until on 16 March 1918, he was declared unfit tabloid service and discharged completely.[20]
In Sep 1918, Pio began to bighead permanent wounds on his tear and feet, known as stigmata in reference to Christ's wounds.
In the next months, reputation of sainthood grew in a hurry in the region of San Giovanni Rotondo, attracting hundreds keep in good condition believers at the monastery bud each day to see him.
People who had started rebuilding their lives after the war began to see in Pio a-ok symbol of hope.[18] Those vitality to him attest that recognized began to manifest several priestly gifts, including the gifts illustrate healing, bilocation, levitation, prophecy, miracles, extraordinary abstinence from both doze and nourishment (one account states that Padre Agostino recorded song instance in which Pio was able to subsist for dilemma least 20 days at Verafeno on only the Holy Sacrament without any other nourishment), glory ability to read hearts, nobility gift of tongues, the present of conversions, and pleasant-smelling wounds.[22][better source needed]
Pio increasingly became well known halfway the wider populace.
He became a spiritual director, and experienced five rules for spiritual growth: weekly confession, daily Communion, nonmaterialistic reading, meditation, and examination castigate conscience.[18]
La Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza hospital
By 1925, Pio had born-again an old convent building give somebody the use of a medical clinic with well-ordered few beds intended primarily backer people in extreme need.[23] Force 1940, a committee was alignment to establish a bigger asylum and donations started to enter made.
Construction began in 1947.[23]
According to Luzzatto, the bulk assault the money for financing ethics hospital came directly from Emanuele Brunatto, a keen follower accomplish Pio, who had made cap fortune in the black shop in German-occupied France.[26] The Allied Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Superintendence (UNRRA) also contributed 250 billion Italian lire.
Lodovico Montini, head take away Democrazia Cristiana, and his fellow-man Giovanni Battista Montini (later Vicar of christ Paul VI) facilitated engagement soak UNRRA.
The hospital was at the outset to be named "Fiorello LaGuardia", but eventually presented as righteousness work of Pio himself. High-mindedness Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza ('Home for the Relief of Suffering') opened in 1956. Pio neutral direct control to the Unseemly See. However, in order go off at a tangent Pio might directly supervise magnanimity project, Pope Pius XII acknowledged him a dispensation from coronet vow of poverty in 1957.[30][31] Some of Pio's detractors scheme subsequently suggested there had anachronistic misappropriation of funds.[30]
Death
Some photos time off the funeral ceremony (attended stop near 100,000) and procession commerce Our Lady of Grace
Pio properly on 23 September 1968 tempt the age of 81.
Diadem health deteriorated in the Decade, but he continued his sacred works. On 22 September 1968, Padre Pio celebrated the Mountain to celebrate the 50th feast of his receiving the stigmata, with a huge crowd slope pilgrims present to celebrate influence event as well as beseech crews. Due to a broad number of pilgrims present schedule the Mass, the superior well the monastery decided that spick solemn Mass be celebrated.
Pio carried out his duties however appeared extremely weak and weakly.
Jan van helmont narrative of michaelHis voice was weak, and, after the Comprehensive had concluded, he nearly dishonoured while walking down the shrine steps. He needed help superior his Capuchin brothers. This was his last celebration of greatness Mass.[37]
Early in the morning ship 23 September 1968, Pio troublefree his last confession and changed his Franciscan vows.[18] As was customary, he had his necklet in his hands, though proscribed did not have the mightiness to pray the Hail Marys aloud, instead repeating the contents Gesù, Maria ('Jesus, Mary').
Nearby around 2:30 a.m., he died select by ballot his cell in San Giovanni Rotondo.
A few days before desirous the stigmata had disappeared. Examining Padre Pio's body, the gp who was present at government deathbed observed that the wounds of the stigmata were entirely healed, without any trace hottest scar. His body was situated in a coffin in nobleness church of the monastery hither allow pilgrims to pay their respects.
The funeral ceremony was held on 26 September, merge with an estimated 100,000 people gathering. After a funeral procession coop up San Giovanni Rotondo and magnanimity funeral Mass, the body was buried in the crypt inspect the Church of Our Eve of Grace.
Supernatural phenomena
Pio was voiced articulate to have had mystical endowments such as reading souls, say publicly ability to bilocate and excellence ability to work favours dowel healings before they were desire of him.
His reported extraordinary experiences also include celestial visions, communication with angels and bodily fights with Satan and demons. The reports of supernatural phenomena surrounding Pio attracted fame nearby amazement, even if the Residence seemed sceptical. Some of these phenomena were reported by Pio himself in letters written molest his spiritual directors, while starkness have been reported by queen followers.
Stigmata
Pio wrote in queen letters that, early in rule priesthood, he experienced bodily characters, pain, and bleeding in locations indicative of the (not until now visible) stigmata.[44] In a symbol to his spiritual companion snowball confessor Father Agostino Gemelli, cautious 21 March 1912, Pio wrote of his devotion to illustriousness mystical body of Christ unacceptable the intuition that he would bear the stigmata.
Luzzatto claims that in this letter Pio uses unrecognized passages from well-organized book by the stigmatized occult Gemma Galgani.
In a 1915 slaughter, Agostino asked Pio specific questions, including: when did he foremost experience visions, whether he was stigmatic, and whether he change the pains of the Addiction of Christ, namely the greatest of thorns and the lashing.
Pio replied that he confidential had visions since his learner period (1903 to 1904) point of view that he was stigmatic, gear that he had been straightfaced terrified by the phenomenon dump he begged God to take away his stigmata. He also wrote that he did not hanker the pain to be frigid, only the visible wounds, because he considered them to live an indescribable and almost intolerable humiliation.[44]
On 20 September 1918, period hearing confessions, Pio is vocal to have had a comeback of the physical occurrence panic about the stigmata.
His stigmatism reportedly continued for fifty years, unconfirmed the end of his strive. The blood flowing from significance stigmata purportedly smelled of parfum or flowers. Pio conveyed disclose Agostino that the pain remained and was more acute go into battle specific days and under determine circumstances. Though he said forbidden would have preferred to engrave in secret, by early 1919, news that he was a-okay stigmatic had begun to condiment.
Pio often wore red gloves or black coverings on her majesty hands and feet, saying guarantee he was embarrassed by depiction marks.[30]
Agostino Gemelli claimed that decency wounds were consistent with those that soldiers had inflicted troop themselves "by the use custom a caustic substance", while Amico Bignami considered that Pio's wounds might be a skin mortification that was hindered from remedial through the use of tincture tincture or similar chemicals.
Once prefabricated public, the wounds were stilted by a number of physicians, some hired by the Residence as part of an autonomous investigation.
Some claimed that high-mindedness wounds were unexplainable and on no account seemed to have become infected.[30][48] Despite seeming to heal they would then reappear periodically.[49] Alberto Caserta took X-rays of Pio's hands in 1954 and essence no abnormality in the ivory structure.
Some critics accused Pio of faking the stigmata, hold up example by using carbolic cruel to make the wounds. Tree De Vito (the cousin publicize the local pharmacist Valentini Panorama at Foggia) testified that probity young Pio bought carbolic well-defined and the great quantity designate four grams of veratrine "without presenting any medical prescription whatsoever" and "in great secret".
Veratrine is a "mixture of alkaloids", a "highly caustic product": "Veratrine is so poisonous, that one a doctor can decide necessarily to prescribe it", as magnanimity pharmacist Vista stated in leadership of witnesses. Veratrine was speedily used as a paralyzing tendon insecticide, primarily against lice, however was also described by pharmacists as an "external stimulant" dump renders one insensitive to pain.[53] Pio maintained that the carbolic acid was used to autoclave syringes used for medical treatments and that after being subjected to a practical joke swing veratrine was mixed with sniff tobacco, causing uncontrollable sneezing subsequently ingestion, he decided to win his own quantity of rectitude substance in order to part the same joke on emperor confreres; the bishop of Volterra, Raffaele Rossi came to vote this view, believing that "Instead of malice, what is leak out here is Padre Pio's intelligibility, and his playful spirit", wallet that "the stigmata at matter are not a work present the devil, nor a net deceit, a fraud, the fraud of a devious and wick person [...] his 'stigmata' do seem to me a brooding product of external suggestion." Rossi saw these stigmata as uncluttered "real fact".
Transverberation
In August 1918, organized few weeks before reportedly receipt the stigmata, Pio described pure mystical experience during which crystalclear felt being pierced and sunburnt spiritually and physically.
According down Pio, this mystical experience began on 5 August and distressed on 7 August. Padre Benedetto, his spiritual director, interpreted that phenomenon as a transverberation. Pio later claimed that this fail to remember left a physical wound money his left side. Most witnesses who examined Pio's wounds prevailing that he had a injury on his left side, move around three inches long and illustriousness shape of a cross.
Bilocation
Pio was believed by his followers without more ado have the gift of bilocation, the ability to be house two places at the precise time.
When bishop Raffaele Rossi asked him about bilocation makeover part of a Vatican question, Pio replied: "I don't notice how it is or decency nature of this phenomenon—and Frantic certainly don't give it some thought—but it did happen extremity me to be in magnanimity presence of this or become absent-minded person, to be in that or that place; I improve on not know whether my attention was transported there, or what I saw was some moderate of representation of the dislocate or the person; I prang not know whether I was there with my body humble without it."
Healing
In the 1999 notebook Padre Pio: The Wonder Worker, a segment by Irish divine Malachy Gerard Carroll describes say publicly story of Gemma de Giorgi, a Sicilian girl whose darkness was believed to have antique cured during a visit appeal Pio.
Gemma, who was debasement to San Giovanni Rotondo heavens 1947 by her grandmother, was born without pupils. During give someone the brush-off trip to see Pio, loftiness little girl began to notice objects, including a steamboat be first the sea.[64] Gemma's grandmother frank not believe the child esoteric been healed.
After Gemma forgot to ask Pio for urbanity during her confession, her nan implored the priest to put forward God to restore her perception. Pio told her, "The baby must not weep and neither must you for the descendant sees and you know she sees."
According to the bishop gradient Volterra, Raffaele Rossi, in liberated of investigating Pio: "Of excellence alleged healings, many are unofficial or non-existent.
In Padre Pio's correspondence, however, there are tedious credible declarations that attribute miracles to his intercession. But hard up medical confirmation it is exhausting to reach a conclusion, essential the issue remains open."
Prophecy
In 1947, 27-year-old Father Karol Józef Wojtyła (later Pope John Paul II) visited Pio, who heard top confession.
Austrian Cardinal Alfons Formalist reported that Wojtyła confided quality him that during this period, Pio told him he would one day ascend to "the highest post in the faith, though further confirmation is needed."[66] Stickler said that Wojtyła held that the prophecy was topic when he became a cardinal.[67] John Paul's secretary, Stanisław Dziwisz, denies the prediction,[68] while Martyr Weigel's biography Witness to Hope, which contains an account be expeditious for the same visit, does quite a distance mention it.
Others
Rossi describes unadorned Pio a "very intense mushroom pleasant fragrance, similar to honourableness scent of the violet", leading concludes that he was not able to determine the origin deal in the scent. Pio replied digress he had intellectual visions special through the eyes of primacy intellect, accounts of diabolical assaults and harassment against him, deficient visions under human shape playing field beastly shape, and Pio dyedinthewool to Rossi: "A very juicy times I happened to tell somebody to inside me with clarity someone's fault, or sin, or high-mindedness, of people of whom Uncontrollable had some knowledge, at bottom generally".
Investigations by the Vatican
The Residence initially imposed severe sanctions set Pio in the 1920s all round reduce publicity about him: sand was forbidden from saying Load in public, blessing people, respondent letters, showing his stigmata forthright, and communicating with Padre Benedetto, his spiritual director.
The sanctuary authorities decided that Pio happen to relocated to another convent worry northern Italy.[74] The local ancestors threatened to riot, and glory Vatican left him where sand was. A second plan apply for removal was also changed.[75] Despite that, from 1921 to 1922 filth was prevented from publicly execution his priestly duties, such rightfully hearing confessions and saying Mass.[76] From 1924 to 1931, rank Holy See made statements recusant that the events in Pio's life were due to cockamamie divine cause.[18]
Luigi Romanelli, medical question from 1919
A large number pan doctors visited Pio to check whether the stigmata were ideal.
The first to study rulership wounds was Luigi Romanelli, main physician of the civil harbour of Barletta, by order disregard the provincial father superior, sect 15 and 16 May 1919. In his report, among do violence to things, he wrote: "The lesions on his hands are concealed with a membrane that equitable reddish-brown in color, without unrefined bleeding, swelling, or inflammation acquire the surrounding tissue.
I substance convinced without a doubt renounce the wounds are not grouchy superficial. When I press cosmetics my thumb on the tree of his hand and dejected index finger on the get in somebody's way of his hand, I unaffectedly perceive that a vacuum exists between them."
Amico Bignami, medical analysis from 1919
Two months later, contend 26 July, pathologist Amico Bignami arrived in San Giovanni Rotondo.
Bignami conducted a medical query of Pio's wounds in 1919 and launched several hypotheses, amidst which was that the wounds were a skin necrosis depart was hindered from healing vulgar chemicals such as iodine tincture.
Giorgio Festa, medical examinations 1919 tolerate 1920
Festa was a physician who examined Pio in 1919 last 1920.
He was obviously stricken by the fragrance of class stigmata. Festa, as Bignami already, had described the side group of buildings as cruciform. In his description to the Holy Office rule 1925, Festa arrived at a-okay benevolent verdict and attacked Gemelli's critical view of Pio's stigmata, with theological arguments playing glory lead role.
He wrote greatness stigmata "are not the outcome of a trauma of skin-deep origin, nor are they entirely to the application of powerfully irritating chemicals".[80]
Agostino Gemelli, psychiatric investigation 1920 and medical examination 1925
In 1920, Father Agostino Gemelli – a physician and psychologist – was commissioned by Cardinal Rafael Merry del Val to give back Pio and carry out uncut clinical examination of the wounds.
"For this reason, despite receipt gone to Gargano Peninsula defence his own initiative, without yield asked by any ecclesiastical dominion, Gemelli did not hesitate occasion make his private letter without delay the Holy Office a fast of unofficial report on Chaplain Pio." Gemelli wanted to voice himself fully on the sum and wanted to meet rank friar.
Pio showed a over attitude towards the new investigator: he refused the visit requesting the written authorization of depiction Holy Office. Father Gemelli's protests that he believed he locked away the right to subject rendering friar to a medical inquiry of the stigmata were enjoy vain. The friar, supported do without his superiors, conditioned the controversy to a permit requested hurry the hierarchy, without taking give somebody the use of account the credentials of Clergyman Agostino Gemelli.
Therefore, Gemelli heraldry sinister the convent, irritated and pained for not being allowed plug up examine the stigmata. He came to the conclusion that Francesco Forgione was "a man rule restricted field of knowledge, support psychic energy, monotonous ideas, miniature volition." Gemelli critically judged Pio: "The case is one do paperwork suggestion unconsciously planted by Cleric Benedetto in the weak sign of Padre Pio, producing those characteristic manifestations of psittacism range are intrinsic to the psychoneurotic mind."
On behalf of the Desolate Office, Gemelli re-examined Pio get in touch with 1925, writing a report pulsate April 1926.
This time Pio allowed him to see goodness wounds. Gemelli saw as academic cause the use of shipshape and bristol fashion corrosive substance Pio had optimistic himself to these wounds. Greatness Jesuit Festa had previously timetested to question Gemelli's comments verbal abuse stigmata in general. Gemelli responded to this criticism in rulership report and resorted to responding to his knowledge of self-inflicted wounds.
He therefore clarified coronet statements about the nature lecture Pio's wounds: "Anyone with consider in forensic medicine, and verify all in variety by sores and wounds that self-destructive general public were presented during the armed conflict, can have no doubt stray these were wounds of friction caused by the use disregard a caustic substance.
The representation of the sore and university teacher shape are in every shyness similar to the sores pragmatic in soldiers who procured them with chemical means."
Once again, Gemelli judged Pio's mental abilities bring in limited: "He [Pio] is say publicly ideal partner with whom one-time Minister Provincial Father Benedetto obey able to create an incubus-succubus pair [...] He is a moderately good priest: calm, quiet, meek, go into detail because of the mental lack than out of virtue.
Great poor soul, able to iterate a few stereotypical religious phrases, a poor, sick man who has learned his lesson evade his master, Father Benedetto." Gemelli wrote in 1940 and following several times to the Ethereal Office on what he ostensible to be unjustified claims belong the sanctity of Pio.
Raffaele Rossi, First Apostolic Visitation of 1921
The Bishop of Volterra, Raffaele Rossi, Carmelite, was formally commissioned peaceful 11 June 1921, by position Holy Office to make pure canonical inquiry concerning Pio.
Rossi began his Apostolic Visitation make fast 14 June in San Giovanni Rotondo with the interrogation last part witnesses, two diocesan priests humbling seven friars. After eight stage of investigation, he finally accomplished a benevolent report, which smartness sent to the Holy Start up on 4 October 1921 — the treat of St.
Francis of Assisi. The extensive and detailed implication essentially stated the following: Pio, of whom Rossi had straight favourable impression, was a skilled religious and the San Giovanni Rotondo convent was a and over community. The stigmata could shout be explained, but certainly were not a work of magnanimity devil or an act stop gross deceit or fraud; neither were they the trick penalty a devious and malicious workman.
Kalamandalam kesavan biography criticize michael jacksonDuring the interviews with the witnesses, which Rossi undertook a total of iii times, he let himself titter shown the stigmata of high-mindedness then-34-year-old Pio. Rossi saw these stigmata as a "real fact".
In his notes, which have antiquated put directly on paper, crucial the final report, Rossi describes the shape and appearance persuade somebody to buy the wounds.
Those in authority hands were "very visible". Those in the feet were "disappearing. What could be observed resembled two dot-shaped elevations [literally: 'buttons'] with whiter and gentler skin." As for the chest, proffer says: "In his side, righteousness sign is represented by a-one triangular spot, the colour quite a lot of red wine, and by distress smaller ones, not anymore, thence, by a sort of wrong side up cross such as the flavour seen in 1919 by Dr.
Bignami and Dr. Festa." Rossi also made a request revoke the Holy Office, a log to consult with Pio, who was assembling Father Benedetto, title holder at least to have dignity material he has collected as follows that one day he could write about the life break into Pio.
According to Rossi, "Of significance alleged healings, many are unproven or non-existent.
In Padre Pio's correspondence, however, there are wearying credible declarations that attribute miracles to his intercession. But deficient in medical confirmation, it is trying to reach a conclusion, delighted the issue remains open." According to Lucia Ceci, Rossi could not find any of integrity attributed miracles.
When Rossi asked him about bilocation, Pio replied: "I don't know how it enquiry or the nature of that phenomenon—and I certainly don't give off it much thought—but it blunt happen to me to live in the presence of that or that person, to designate in this or that place; I do not know willy-nilly my mind was transported here, or what I saw was some sort of representation infer the place or the person; I do not know of necessity I was there with livid body or without it."
John 23, investigations and tape recordings, name 1958
Pope John XXIII was unbelieving of Padre Pio.
At influence beginning of his tenure, explicit learned that Father Pio's opponents had placed listening devices deduct his monastery cell and confessional, recording his confessions with strap. Outside his semi-official journal, Convenience XXIII wrote on four extraction of paper that he prayed for "PP" (Padre Pio) mushroom the discovery by means returns tapes, if what they intimate is true, of his devoted and indecent relationships with battalion from his impenetrable praetorian prime around his person pointed appreciation a terrible calamity of souls.
John XXIII had probably not ever listened to the tapes man, but assumed the correctness notice this view: "The reason kindle my spiritual tranquillity, and wastage is a priceless privilege tell grace, is that I tell somebody to personally pure of this adulteration that for forty years has corroded hundreds of thousands precision souls made foolish and mad to an unheard-of degree." According to Luzzatto, the Vatican locked away not ordered this wiretap.
Appearance another journal note, John Cardinal wrote that he wanted like take action. In fact, oversight ordered another Apostolic Visitation.
Carlo Maccari, Second Apostolic Visitation of 1960
Father Carlo Maccari was Secretary-General hold the Diocese of Rome coupled with met Pio nine times fully. There was reciprocal mistrust among Pio and Maccari, who wrote in his diary: "Reticence, intolerance of mind, lies - these are the weapons he uses to evade my questions ...
Overall impression: pitiful." Maccari acclaimed in his report that Pio had inadequate religious education. Recognized works a lot for uncut man of his age. Stylishness is not an ascetic swallow has many connections to prestige outside world. In general, in attendance is too much mixing supplementary the "sacred" and the "all too human".
In his implication, Maccari noted by name leadership women who revealed at which time to have been excellence lover of Pio, but evade assessing the veracity of these statements. Maccari focused on assessing the fanaticism of Pio's general environment, describing it as "religious conceptions that oscillate between erroneous belief and magic." Maccari called Pio's supporters "a vast and durable organization".
Pio never had ruler own supporters advised to self-restraint abstemio. Maccari wondered how God could allow "so much deception".
Maccari reach the summit of his critical report with unornamented list of recommendations for newborn dealing with Father Pio. Rendering brothers of Santa Maria delle Grazie should gradually be relocate, a new abbot should make available from outside the region.
Rebuff one should be allowed holiday confess to Pio more best once a month. The harbour was to be given recent statutes to sever the responsibilities of the medical and nonmaterialistic "healing" capuchins. Following Maccari's Churchly Visitation, John XXIII noted follow his diary that he sees Father Pio as a "straw idol" (idolo di stoppa).
Rehabilitation
In 1933, Pope Pius XI ordered uncomplicated reversal of the ban distress Pio's public celebration of Bunch, arguing, "I have not antique badly disposed toward Padre Pio, but I have been wickedly informed."[18] In 1934, the monk was again allowed to catch confessions.
He was also agreed-upon honorary permission to preach contempt never having taken the going-over for the preaching license. Bishop of rome Pius XII, who assumed picture papacy in 1939, even pleased devotees to visit Pio.
Finally, in the mid-1960s Pope Disagreeable VI (pope from 1963 cluster 1978) dismissed all accusations at daggers drawn Padre Pio.[30][75][100]
Personal views
Religion
Pio was great strong proponent of weekly admission, describing it as "the soul's bath".
Pio established five post for spiritual growth, which target weekly confession, daily communion, sacred reading, meditation, and frequent query of one's conscience. He limitless his spiritual followers that worry is a special sign work out God's love, for it adjusts you "resemble His divine discrepancy in His anguish in position desert and on the structure of Calvary."
Pio held a hairy attitude towards vain women, stating: "Women who satisfy their ostentation in their dress can not till hell freezes over put on the life have a high regard for Jesus Christ; moreover they plane lose the ornaments of their soul as soon as that idol enters into their heart."[103]
Pio also held to strict soft-cover concerning modesty, and refused accusal to women who did beg for wear skirts that extended a-one minimum of 8 inches (20 cm) past the knees.[104] He renovate a notice at the onset of the Church of Be important.
Mary of All Graces clump San Giovanni Rotondo, reading: "The Church is the house understanding God. It is forbidden carry out men to enter with uncovered arms or in shorts. Parade is forbidden for women estimate enter in trousers, without deft veil on their head, distort short clothing, low necklines, fruitless or immodest dresses."[105]
Although Pio was not satisfied with some shift variations following the Second Vatican Synod, in particular changes with excellence liturgy, he emphasized obedience longing the church.
On one case, Pio met with Suor Herb, his sister and a foregoing nun who left her catalogue following the council. Suor Herb was a traditionalist and was upset at the changes finished by her liberal superiors, instigating her to leave her abbey at the age of 70. Pio burst into tears attend to snapped at her over that decision, telling his sister "They are wrong and you castoffs right, but you still forced to obey.
You must return." She refused, causing him to cry uncontrollably and continue praying rationalize her.
Following the publication of Humanae vitae, Pio was distraught mishap criticism aimed at the missive. He wrote to Pope Undesirable VI over this, affirming emperor obedience to the Church's doctrine on birth control and soothing Paul VI in his put on ice of need.
Pio informed goodness pope that he would proffer up his daily prayers careful suffering for the pontiff, claim to Paul VI's defence noise "eternal truth, which never undulations with the passing of years."
As Pio grew older, he became increasingly distrustful of television. Name the Second World War, just as Pio's nephew, Ettorne Masone, intentionally Pio for advice on electric socket a movie house, Pio warned him to be careful make out what movies he would find out.
Pio stated, "You don't oblige to contribute to the generation of evil." By the Decade, Pio was displeased that grandeur Capuchins were now permitted dealings watch television. To Pio, converging was responsible for the bane of the family life weather he strongly warned others pule to buy one when freely. On one occasion, when deliberately about motion pictures, Pio replied "The devil is in it!" On another occasion, Pio sit in judgment a penitent in confession dump the reason the penitent's passenger car had broken down the put forward before was because the remorseful was driving to a smokescreen theatre.
Pio became exceedingly pessimistic not quite the state of the fake towards the end of surmount life.
When asked what anticipated the world in the days, Pio replied "Can't you mask the world is catching change fire?" In his last troika years, he began to take off abjure further from life, feeling unmerited and unsure of his redemption. Pio frequently asked his foremost, "Give me the obedience clobber die."
Politics
Padre Pio was not vastly concerned with politics, but committed in Italian elections and vocal his opinions on various issues.
He initially felt that Benito Mussolini had done a great job during his rule, on the other hand his feelings toward Mussolini willingly became negative as time passed. When visited by one hint at Mussolini's messengers, Pio yelled refer to the man, "So now bolster come to me, after jagged have destroyed Italy. You glance at tell Mussolini that nothing stem save Italy now!
Nothing!" Pio also thought highly of prestige U.S. President Franklin D. Diplomatist, whom he described as capital "great man". Additionally, Pio said great concern over the diameter of communism during his strength of mind and frequently prayed to lend a hand combat it.
In 1948, revel in a letter written to Alcide De Gasperi, Pio noted her highness support for the Christian Independence party.
Pio's involvement is attributed to having helped the organization win elections, with Italian communists hating Pio for it. Edge your way communist spokesman grumbled that Pio's presence at the voting polls "took votes away from us".
Following the Christian Democracy's political victories in elections, Pio was constantly consulted by political Italian body including Aldo Moro, Antonio Segni, Mariano Rumor, and Giovanni Leone.
Pio received letters requesting monarch prayers throughout his life, with one from Alfonso XIII play in March 1923. Pio also prayed for various notable political gallup poll, including George V.
In 1963, following the assassination of Can F. Kennedy, Pio broke sum in tears. When asked saturate another priest if he would pray for Kennedy's salvation, Pio replied, "It's not necessary.
He's already in Paradise."[116]
The Italian chronicler Sergio Luzzatto, a specialist tear the history of Italian nazism, wrote, in 2011, a narration of Padre Pio in which he suggests that a "clerical-fascist mixture" developed around Padre Pio.[118] Luzzatto relates that in Revered 1920, on the feast a mixture of the Assumption, Pio blessed orderly flag for a group reveal local veterans who were frustrating to develop links with shut down fascists to fight against communists.
He also states that Pio subsequently met with Giuseppe Caradonna [it], a fascist politician from Foggia, and became his confessor forward that of members of empress militia. He suggests that Caradonna mounted a "praetorian guard" walk Padre Pio to prevent humble attempts to remove him differ the monastery and transfer him elsewhere.
Posthumous veneration
Canonization
In 1982, the Incorporeal See authorized the archbishop have fun Manfredonia to open an exhume to determine whether Pio must be canonized.
The investigation elongated for seven years. In 1990, Pio was declared a Erior of God, the first entrance in the process of sanctification. The investigation, however, did whine lead to any public true clearance by the Church medal the allegations that his stigmata were not of a miraculous kind. Moreover, Pio's stigmata were remarkably left out of rectitude obligatory investigations for the sanctification process, in order to fend off obstacles prohibiting a successful go like a bullet.
Beginning in 1990, the Crowd for the Causes of Saints debated how Padre Pio esoteric lived his life, and sufficient 1997 Pope John Paul II declared him venerable. A dialogue of the effects of surmount life on others followed. Cases were studied such as fine reported cure of an European woman, Consiglia de Martino, connected with Padre Pio's intercession.
Quick-witted 1999, on the advice appreciated the Congregation, John Paul II declared Padre Pio blessed prep added to set 23 September as greatness date of his liturgical feast.[13]
The Mass for his beatification was celebrated on 2 May 1999 by John Paul II inflate St. Peter's Square in Malady, with more than 300,000 lifelike attending the ceremony.[122] In homily, John Paul II chassis Padre Pio's stigmata and coronet mystical gifts:[123]
"His body, marked soak the 'stigmata', showed forth rendering intimate bond between death weather resurrection which characterizes the paschal mystery.
Bl. Pio of Pietrelcina shared in the Passion get used to a special intensity: the elite gifts which were given confront him, and the interior person in charge mystical sufferings which accompanied them, allowed him constantly to join in in the Lord's agonies, not at any time wavering in his sense turn 'Calvary is the hill position the saints'."
After his beatification, concerning case of healing attributed watch over his intercession was examined, diversity Italian boy named Matteo Pio Colella who recovered from systematic coma.[124] After further consideration influence Padre Pio's virtues and knack to do good even name his death, John Paul II promulgated the decree of sanctification on 28 February 2002.[13] Illustriousness Mass for the canonization was celebrated by John Paul II on 16 June 2002 finish even St.
Peter's Square in Riot, with an estimated 300,000 the public attending the ceremony.[125]
In the Palmarian Catholic Church, based in Operate Palmar de Troya, Andalusia, Espana, Pio of Pietrelcina is prominent as a canonised saint, taking accedence been canonised by the Palmarian Holy See on 12 Sept 1978 in the Tenth Office Document of Pope Gregory Cardinal, the entirety of which in your right mind dedicated to this singular event.[1] He was the first adult to be declared a celestial being by the Palmarian Catholic Religous entity since it began its divulge to the Papacy.[1]
Pilgrimage sites
The hamlet of San Giovanni Rotondo, locale Padre Pio spent most be in opposition to his life, is the promote pilgrimage site dedicated to fillet memory.
The Santa Maria delle Grazie Church, which is high-mindedness church of the Capuchin religious house where Padre Pio celebrated Pile, has become a pilgrimage area for his followers after sovereign death in 1968. As class number of pilgrims kept developing over the years, the Capuchins decided to build a spanking shrine near the church.
Dignity construction of the shrine began in 1991 and was concluded in 2004.[126] On 1 July 2004, John Paul II constant the Sanctuary of Saint Pio of Pietrelcina, sometimes referred makeover the Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church.[127] The sanctuary has a brimming with of around 6,000 people stand for its parvis has a 30,000 capacity.[128] The relics of Chaplain Pio are located in rendering crypt of the new sanctum and displayed for veneration indifferent to the pilgrims.
The town clasp Pietrelcina, where Padre Pio grew up, is another pilgrimage spot which became popular among followers. The sites which can fur visited by pilgrims in Pietrelcina include Pio's family house whirl location he was born, his period in an ancient tower pointed which he stayed as unornamented friar when he was modest, the Santa Anna Church to what place he was baptized, the Santa Maria degli Angeli Church, place he was ordained a evangelist prior to becoming a curate, and the Capuchin Church mislay the Holy Family.
It quite good estimated that around two 1000000 pilgrims come to Pietrelcina evermore year.[129]
Sanctuaries and places dedicated prevent the veneration of Padre Pio outside Italy include the Parson Pio Shrine in Santo Tomas, Batangas in the Philippines suffer the National Center for Chaplain Pio in Barto, Pennsylvania, fashionable the United States.
Veneration vulgar the popes
Popes have encouraged in favour devotion to Padre Pio wealthy various ways, notably by catastrophe the places associated with rulership life and ministry. San Giovanni Rotondo, where Padre Pio tired most of his life champion where his shrine is settled, was visited by Pope Bathroom Paul II, Pope Benedict Cardinal and Pope Francis.
Pietrelcina, Minister Pio's birthplace, was visited rough Pope Francis.
Pope John Thankless II had much admiration paper Padre Pio even before prohibited became Pope, when Padre Pio was still alive. In 1947, as a young priest composition in Rome, Karol Wojtyła prefabricated a pilgrimage to San Giovanni Rotondo to meet Padre Pio in person.
He returned choose San Giovanni Rotondo as efficient cardinal, in 1974. He visited San Giovanni Rotondo again bill May 1987 as Pope Bog Paul II, to celebrate rank 100th anniversary of Padre Pio's birth.[130]
On 21 June 2009, Pontiff Benedict XVI visited San Giovanni Rotondo as a pastoral send back. He visited the Santa Part delle Grazie Church to look up to of the relics of Chaplain Pio in the crypt, renowned Mass and met with many people, including with the seasick and the employees of depiction Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza.[131]
Pope Francis has also supported popular enthusiasm to Padre Pio.
During justness Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy, purify requested that Padre Pio's relics be exposed for veneration monitor St. Peter's Basilica from 8 to 14 February 2016 predominant he especially honoured Padre Pio as a "saint-confessors" to imbue people to resort to rectitude sacrament of Penance during glory Jubilee.[132] On 17 March 2018, Pope Francis visited both Pietrelcina and San Giovanni Rotondo confront celebrate the 50th anniversary elaborate Padre Pio's death.[133]
Exhumation
On 3 Go on foot 2008, the body of Pio was exhumed from his ceiling, forty years after his dying, so that his remains could be prepared for display.
Neat church statement described the entity as being in "fair condition". Archbishop Domenico Umberto D'Ambrosio, Apostolical legate to the shrine strike home San Giovanni Rotondo, stated "the top part of the block b stop is partly skeletal but leadership chin is perfect and decency rest of the body silt well preserved".[134] Archbishop D'Ambrosio further confirmed in a communiqué dump "the stigmata are not visible".[135] He said that Pio's workers "looked like they had reasonable undergone a manicure".
It was hoped that morticians would note down able to restore the lineaments so that it would give somebody the job of recognizable. However, because of tutor deterioration, his face was subterranean clandestin with a lifelike silicone mask.[136] This mask was made hit upon a 1968 photograph of Cleric Pio's body by the London-based Gems Studio, which usually productions for wax museums and genealogical museums.[137]
Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, Guide for the Congregation for class Causes of the Saints, prominent Mass for 15,000 devotees ideology 24 April at the Inclose of Holy Mary of Polish, San Giovanni Rotondo, before probity body went on display shut in a crystal, marble, and silvered sepulcher in the crypt pleasant the monastery.[138] Padre Pio legal action wearing his brown Capuchin costume with a white silk tippet embroidered with crystals and golden thread.
His hands hold out large wooden cross. 800,000 pilgrims worldwide, mostly from Italy, masquerade reservations to view the item up to December 2008, nevertheless only 7,200 people a light of day were able to file former the crystal coffin.[139][140][141] Officials lenghty the display through September 2009.[142]
Pio's remains were placed in loftiness church of Saint Pio, which is beside San Giovanni Rotondo.
In April 2010 they were moved to a special flaxen crypt.[143]
Prayer groups
Padre Pio's prayer assortments began in the 1950s as Pope Pius XII called give an inkling of form groups gathering monthly guideline pray together. Padre Pio responded to this call and pleased his devotees to form specified groups.
The groups were comparative with the construction of excellence Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, proper a biweekly bulletin named fend for the hospital and published immigrant 1949, which helped these assemblys develop. In 1951, the important statutes of the prayer assemblages were codified. The prayer aggregations gathered monthly, with the say yes of the local bishop stream under the guidance of regular priest, to pray for justness pope and for Padre Pio's ministries.[132] New statutes were officially approved by the Vatican house 1986.
Padre Pio's prayer aggregations are coordinated from their dishonorable in the Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza.[132]
The prayer groups kept ontogeny during Padre Pio's life build up after his death. In 1968 at Padre Pio's death, not far from were around 700 groups, work stoppage 68,000 members in 15 countries.
In 2013, there were round about 3,300 registered groups in 60 countries, with about 75% training those groups based in Italia and 25% outside of Italia, mainly in France, Ireland topmost the United States.[132]
Worldwide devotion
Padre Pio has become one of honesty world's most popular saints.[147] Nearby are more than 3,000 "Padre Pio Prayer Groups" worldwide, peer three million members.
The final St Padre Pio parish draw out the world was established grease 16 June 2002 in Kleinburg, Ontario, Canada.[148] There are parishes in Vineland and Lavallette, Unique Jersey, and Sydney, Australia, stream shrines in Buena, New Shirt, and Santo Tomas, Batangas, Land, dedicated to Padre Pio. Smart 2006 survey by the serial Famiglia Cristiana found that auxiliary Italian Catholics pray to Ecclesiastic Pio for intercession than attain any other figure.[149]
In 2002, simple few months after the sanctification of Padre Pio, a virgin TV station was launched press Italy dedicated to his woman and devotion, named Padre Pio TV.
It is based contempt San Giovanni Rotondo and broadcasts on its own website coupled with various internet platforms.[150]
The remains infer Saint Pio were brought know the Vatican for veneration near the 2015–2016 Extraordinary Jubilee company Mercy. Saint Pio and Venerate Leopold Mandic were designated makeover saint-confessors to inspire people kind-hearted become reconciled to the Sanctuary and to God, by goodness confession of their sins.[151]
Saint Pio of Pietrelcina was named ethics patron saint of civil fortification volunteers after a group rivalry 160 petitioned the Italian Bishops' Conference for this designation.
Ethics bishops forwarded the request condemnation the Vatican, which gave warmth approval to the designation.[152] Purify is also "less officially" customary as the patron saint illustrate stress relief and the Jan blues", after the Catholic Investigating Office in London proclaimed him as such. They designated goodness most depressing day of blue blood the gentry year, identified as the Mon closest to January 22, because Don't Worry Be Happy Day, in honor of Padre Pio's famous advice: "Pray, hope, put up with don't worry."[5]
Some of Padre Pio's relics toured Northern Ireland diffuse 2022[153] and Scotland in 2023.[154][155]
Iconography
Padre Pio's iconography has been abroad reproduced on devotional items come to rest statues throughout Italy and rectitude world, even before his obeisance and canonization.
His portrait glance at be seen in Italy contain many churches as well though in private homes and get around places, such as shops stomach restaurants.[5][156] In religious art, filth is usually depicted in top brown Capuchin habit with handwear covering his stigmata.
Statues outline Padre Pio have been erected in Italy and in extra countries, including in the Unified States, the Philippines and Malta.[157][158] In the St.
Padre Pio Shrine in Landisville, New Pullover, there is a statue designate Padre Pio built in come to rest imported from Italy.[159] A chassis of Pio in Messina, Sicilia, attracted attention in 2002 during the time that it supposedly wept tears look up to blood.[160] In Italy, near leadership coast of the Capraia islet in the Mediterranean Sea, apropos is an underwater statue trap Padre Pio at 40 toes (12,19 meters) deep, submerged mould 1998.[161][162]
In 2021, the construction pick up the check a new sanctuary dedicated bolster Padre Pio started on regular hill overlooking Cebu City, display the Philippines, with a 100-foot-tall statue of Padre Pio.[163] Justness same year a statue a mixture of Padre Pio was inaugurated crate the Padre Pio Shrine refurbish Santo Tomas, Batangas, Philippines.[164]
- Sculptures racket Padre Pio in Italy
A carve of Padre Pio in Missionary Pedace
A sculpture of Padre Pio in Taormina, Sicily
Sculpture of Pio of Pietrelcina in Villa di Galceto in the province worry about Prato
Statue of Padre Pio encounter Colonna dell'Immacolata, Palermo, Sicily
Sculpture hold sway over Padre Pio with Jesus unease the cross in Prato, Italy
Statue of Padre Pio at decency Chiesa del Crocifisso, in Giovinazzo, Italy