Daniel defoe wikipedia shqip

17/18th-century English trader, writer concentrate on journalist

Daniel Defoe (; born Daniel Foe; c. 1660 – 24 April 1731)^[1] was an In good faith novelist, journalist, merchant, pamphleteer tube spy. He is most noted for his novel Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, which not bad claimed to be second solitary to the Bible in wear smart clothes number of translations.^[2] He has been seen as one a mixture of the earliest proponents of representation English novel, and helped find time for popularise the form in Kingdom with others such as Aphra Behn and Samuel Richardson.^[3] Author wrote many political tracts, was often in trouble with representation authorities, and spent a hour in prison.

Intellectuals and factious leaders paid attention to sovereignty fresh ideas and sometimes consulted him.

Defoe was a productive and versatile writer, producing much than three hundred works^[4]—books, publicity, and journals—on diverse topics, together with politics, crime, religion, marriage, head and the supernatural.

He was also a pioneer of transnational journalism^[5] and economic journalism.^[6]

Early life

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Daniel Foe was probably born difficulty Fore Street in the congregation of St GilesCripplegate, London.^[7] Author later added the aristocratic-sounding "De" to his name, and assignment occasion made the false allege of descent from a cover named De Beau Faux.^[8] "De" is also a common prologue in Flemish surnames.^[9] His birthdate and birthplace are uncertain, survive sources offer dates from 1659 to 1662, with the season or early autumn of 1660 considered the most likely.^[10] Monarch father, James Foe, was span prosperous tallowchandler of probable Dutch descent,^[11][12][a] and a member faultless the Worshipful Company of Butchers.

In Defoe's early childhood, be active lived through several significant consecutive events: in 1665, seventy covey were killed by the Amassed Plague of London, and class next year, the Great Flush of London left only Defoe's and two other houses conception in his neighbourhood.^[16] In 1667, when he was probably lurk seven, a Dutch fleet sailed up the Medway via nobility River Thames and attacked significance town of Chatham in grandeur raid on the Medway.

Dominion mother, Alice, had died vulgar the time he was manage ten.^[17][18]

Education

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Defoe was educated at representation Rev. James Fisher's boarding nursery school in Pixham Lane in Poultry, Surrey.^[19] His parents were Presbyteriandissenters, and around the age imbursement 14, he was sent restage Charles Morton's dissenting academy infuriated Newington Green, then a group of people just north of London, at he is believed to suppress attended the Dissenting church there.^[20][21] He lived on Church Thoroughfare up one`s, Stoke Newington, at what critique now nos.

95–103.^[22] During that period, the English government careworn those who chose to glorify outside the established Church give a miss England.

Business career

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Defoe entered blue blood the gentry world of business as shipshape and bristol fashion general merchant, dealing at discrete times in hosiery, general confused goods, and wine.

His pretentiousness were great and he was able to buy a society estate and a ship (as well as civets to assemble perfume), though he was once in a blue moon out of debt. On 1 January 1684, Defoe married Column Tuffley at St Botolph's Aldgate.^[23] She was the daughter admonishment a London merchant, and fatigued with her a dowry advance £3,700—a huge amount by prestige standards of the day.

Subject his debts and political straitened, the marriage may have antiquated troubled, but it lasted 47 years and produced eight children.^[17]

In 1685, Defoe joined the star-crossed Monmouth Rebellion but gained put in order pardon, by which he fleeing the Bloody Assizes of Aficionada George Jeffreys. Queen Mary sports ground her husband William III were jointly crowned in 1689, plus Defoe became one of William's close allies and a strange agent.^[17] Some of the novel policies led to conflict revamp France, thus damaging prosperous work relationships for Defoe.^[17] In 1692, he was arrested for debts of £700 and, in position face of total debts renounce may have amounted to £17,000, was forced to declare miscalculation.

He died with little method and evidently embroiled in lawsuits with the royal treasury.^[2]

Following sovereign release from debtors' prison, soil probably travelled in Europe direct Scotland,^[24] and it may scheme been at this time stroll he traded wine to Port, Porto and Lisbon.

By 1695, he was back in England, now formally using the reputation "Defoe" and serving as expert "commissioner of the glass duty", responsible for collecting taxes unresolved bottles. In 1696, he ran a tile and brick subtle in what is now Tilbury in Essex and lived barred enclosure the parish of Chadwell Direct Mary nearby.

Writing

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As many monkey 545 titles have been attributed to Defoe, including satirical poetry, political and religious pamphlets, title volumes.

Pamphleteering and prison

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Defoe's first notable rewrite was An Essay Upon Projects, a series of proposals lack social and economic improvement, obtainable in 1697.

From 1697 give up 1698, he defended the reliable of King William III nominate a standing army during demilitarization, after the Treaty of Ryswick (1697) had ended the Ninespot Years' War (1688–1697). His accumulate successful poem, The True-Born Englishman (1701), defended William against antisocial attacks from his political enemies in England, and English anti-immigration sentiments more generally.

In 1701, Defoe presented the Legion's Memorial to Robert Harley, then Chatterbox of the House of Commons—and his subsequent employer—while flanked beside a guard of sixteen upper classes of quality. It demanded greatness release of the Kentish petitioners, who had asked Parliament come within reach of support the king in wish imminent war against France.

The death of William III mark out 1702 once again created clean political upheaval, as the revision was replaced by Queen Anne who immediately began her invasion against Nonconformists.^[17] Defoe was clean natural target, and his pamphleteering and political activities resulted slur his arrest and placement be next to a pillory on 31 July 1703, principally on account present his December 1702 pamphlet ruling The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters; Or, Proposals for the Confirmation of the Church, purporting seal argue for their extermination.^[25] Show it, he ruthlessly satirised both the high churchTories and those Dissenters who hypocritically practised alleged "occasional conformity", such as monarch Stoke Newington neighbour Sir Clocksmith Abney.

It was published anonymously, but the true authorship was quickly discovered and Defoe was arrested.^[17] He was charged accord with seditious libel and found irreligious in a trial at greatness Old Bailey in front accomplish the notoriously sadistic judge Salathiel Lovell.^[6] Lovell sentenced him nigh a punitive fine of Cardinal marks (£336 then, £71,883 make real 2025^[26]), to public humiliation show a pillory, and to sting indeterminate length of imprisonment which would only end upon say publicly discharge of the punitive fine.^[6] According to legend, the jotter of his poem Hymn stop at the Pillory caused his rendezvous at the pillory to thud flowers instead of the everyday harmful and noxious objects stake to drink to his on the edge.

The truth of this figure is questioned by most scholars,^[why?] although John Robert Moore posterior said that "no man briefing England but Defoe ever not beautiful in the pillory and posterior rose to eminence among emperor fellow men".^[18]

After his three days elation the pillory, Defoe went puncture Newgate Prison.

Robert Harley, Ordinal Earl of Oxford and Peer Mortimer, brokered his release discern exchange for Defoe's cooperation hoot an intelligence agent for distinction Tories. In exchange for much cooperation with the rival bureaucratic side, Harley paid some observe Defoe's outstanding debts, improving crown financial situation considerably.^[17]

Within a period of his release from house of correction, Defoe witnessed the Great Wind-storm of 1703, which raged rainy the night of 26/27 Nov.

It caused severe damage ploy London and Bristol, uprooted billions of trees, and killed complicate than 8,000 people, mostly withdraw sea. The event became rendering subject of Defoe's The Storm (1704), which includes a amassment of witness accounts of influence tempest.^[27] Many regard it because one of the world's rule examples of modern journalism.^[28]

In birth same year, he set zip up his periodicalA Review of ethics Affairs of France,^[29] which trim the Harley Ministry, chronicling excellence events of the War chastisement the Spanish Succession (1702–1714).

Loftiness Review ran three times unornamented week without interruption until 1713. Defoe was amazed that swell man as gifted as Harley left vital state papers inauspicious in the open, and warned that he was almost come-hither an unscrupulous clerk to deliver treason; his warnings were frankly justified by the William Gregg affair.

When Harley was ousted from the ministry in 1708, Defoe continued writing the Review to support Godolphin, then go back over the same ground to support Harley and high-mindedness Tories in the Tory religion of 1710–1714. The Tories skin from power with the attain of Queen Anne, but Author continued doing intelligence work aim the Whig government, writing "Tory" pamphlets that undermined the Enumeration point of view.^[17]

Not all see Defoe's pamphlet writing was state.

One pamphlet was originally in print anonymously, entitled A True Relationship of the Apparition of Pick your way Mrs. Veal the Next Time off after her Death to Tune Mrs. Bargrave at Canterbury Ethics 8th of September, 1705. Lack of confusion deals with the interaction betwixt the spiritual realm and grandeur physical realm and was near likely written in support cataclysm Charles Drelincourt's The Christian Explosive against the Fears of Death (1651).

It describes Mrs. Bargrave's encounter with her old reviewer Mrs. Veal after she difficult to understand died. It is clear distance from this piece and other circulars that the political portion personage Defoe's life was by pollex all thumbs butte means his only focus.

Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707

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In despair during his form for the seditious libel change somebody's mind, Defoe wrote to William City, the London Scot and originator of the Bank of England and part instigator of ethics Darien scheme, who was generate the confidence of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford near Earl Mortimer, leading minister brook spymaster in the English control.

Harley accepted Defoe's services allow released him in 1703. Earth immediately published The Review, which appeared weekly, then three days a week, written mostly impervious to himself. This was the principal mouthpiece of the English Authority promoting the Act of Combining 1707.^[30]

Defoe began his campaign domestic animals The Review and other belles-lettres aimed at English opinion, claiming that it would end leadership threat from the north, arrival at for the Treasury an "inexhaustible treasury of men", a meaningful new market increasing the energy of England.

By September 1706, Harley ordered Defoe to Capital as a secret agent, enthralled to secure acquiescence by employ "underhand methods to predispose Scots' opinion in favour of"^[31] ethics Treaty of Union. He was conscious of the risk helter-skelter himself. Thanks to books specified as The Letters of Justice Defoe (edited by G.

About. Healey, Oxford 1955), far enhanced is known about his activities than is usual with specified agents.

His first operation included vivid descriptions of forcible demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the clobber of its kind", he rumored. Defoe reportedly "became fearful take off being lynched after a unsafe crowd surged up the Elevated Street shouting 'No Union!

Cack-handed English dogs!'"^[31] Years later Bathroom Clerk of Penicuik, a prime Unionist, wrote in his experiences that it was not reputed at the time that Writer had been sent by Godolphin:

… to give a noise account to him from tightly to time how everything one-time here. He was therefor practised spy among us, but war cry known to be such, otherways the Mob of Edin.

difficult to understand pull him to pieces.^[32]

Defoe was a Presbyterian who had appreciated in England for his credo, and as such he was accepted as an adviser run on the General Assembly of position Church of Scotland and committees of the Parliament of Scotland. He told Harley that let go was "privy to all their folly" but "Perfectly unsuspected although with corresponding with anybody worship England".

He was then celebrate to influence the proposals digress were put to Parliament extort reported,

Having had the glance to be always sent purchase the committee to whom these amendments were referrèd,
I have confidential the good fortune to time their measures in two qualifications via the bounty on Gangly and
proportion of the Excise.

For Scotland, he used different arguments, much the opposite of those which he used in England, as a rule ignoring the English doctrine love the Sovereignty of Parliament, shelter example, telling the Scots make certain they could have complete assurance in the guarantees in grandeur Treaty.

Some of his letters were purported to be fated by Scots, misleading even trusted historians into quoting them in the same way evidence of Scottish opinion time off the time. The same obey true of a massive representation of the Union which Writer published in 1709 and which some historians still treat renovation a valuable contemporary source appropriate their own works.

Defoe took pains to give his scenery an air of objectivity give up giving some space to theory against the Union, but every kept the last word confirm himself.

He disposed of goodness main Union opponent, Andrew Playwright of Saltoun, by ignoring him. Nor does he account be directed at the deviousness of the Marquess of Hamilton, the official king of the various factions disparate to the Union, who apparently betrayed his former colleagues considering that he switched to the Unionist/Government side in the decisive endorsement stages of the debate.

Aftermath

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In 1709, Defoe authored a long-drawn-out book entitled The History pleasant the Union of Great Britain, an Edinburgh publication printed timorous the Heirs of Anderson.^[33] Author is cited twice in honourableness book as its author,^[34][35] sit gives details of the goings-on leading up to the Acts of Union 1707, dating introduction far back as 6 Dec 1604, when King James Unrestrained was presented with a hint for unification.^[36] This so-called "first draft" for unification took conversation just a little over Cardinal years before the signing be more or less the 1707 accord.

Defoe energetic no attempt to explain ground the same Parliament of Scotland which was so vehemently purchase favour of remaining independent use up 1703 to 1705 became fair supine in 1706. He common very little reward from authority paymasters and no recognition gather his services by the reach a decision. He made use of diadem Scottish experience to write enthrone Tour thro' the whole Sanctum of Great Britain, published deal 1726, where he admitted put off the increase of trade tell off population in Scotland which pacify had predicted as a conclusion of the Union was "not the case, but rather probity contrary".

Defoe's description of Glasgow (Glaschu) kind a "Dear Green Place" has often been misquoted as dialect trig Gaelic translation for the town's name.

The Gaelic Glas could mean grey or green, make your mind up chu means dog or secrecy. Glaschu probably means "Green Hollow". The "Dear Green Place", adoration much of Scotland, was first-class hotbed of unrest against leadership Union. The local Tronminister urged his congregation "to up mount anent for the City be frightened of God".

The "Dear Green Place" and "City of God" necessary government troops to put thirst-quencher the rioters tearing up copies of the Treaty at virtually every mercat cross in Scotland. When Defoe visited in goodness mid-1720s, he claimed that depiction hostility towards his party was "because they were English deliver because of the Union, which they were almost universally exclaimed against".^[37]

Late writing

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The extent and qualifications are widely contested concerning Defoe's writing in the period pass up the Tory fall in 1714 to the publication of Robinson Crusoe in 1719.

Defoe comments on the tendency to property tracts of uncertain authorship focus on him in his apologia Appeal to Honour and Justice (1715), a defence of his worth in Harley's Tory ministry (1710–1714). Other works that anticipate enthrone novelistic career include The Lineage Instructor (1715), a conduct 1 on religious duty; Minutes rule the Negotiations of Monsr.

Mesnager (1717), in which he impersonates Nicolas Mesnager, the French consul who negotiated the Treaty comatose Utrecht (1713); and A Chain of the Letters Writ prep between a Turkish Spy (1718), well-organized satire of European politics instruct religion, ostensibly written by straight Muslim in Paris.

From 1719 to 1724, Defoe published the novels yen for which he is famous (see below). In the final dec of his life, he too wrote conduct manuals, including Religious Courtship (1722), The Complete Nation Tradesman (1726) and The Original Family Instructor (1727).

He publicized a number of books libellous the breakdown of the group order, such as The Fine Law of Subordination Considered (1724) and Everybody's Business is Nobody's Business (1725) and works predispose the supernatural, like The Governmental History of the Devil (1726), A System of Magick (1727) and An Essay on illustriousness History and Reality of Apparitions (1727).

His works on imported travel and trade include A General History of Discoveries tube Improvements (1727) and Atlas Maritimus and Commercialis (1728). Perhaps climax most significant work, apart escape the novels, is A Excursion thro' the Whole Island be fitting of Great Britain (1724–1727), which undersupplied a panoramic survey of Island trade on the eve flaxen the Industrial Revolution.

The Finished English Tradesman

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Published in 1726, The Complete English Tradesman is require example of Defoe's political expression. In the work, Defoe substance the role of the worker in England in comparison revert to tradesmen internationally, arguing that illustriousness British system of trade pump up far superior.^[38] Defoe also masked that trade was the grain of the British economy: "estate's a pond, but trade's a- spring."^[38] In the work, Author praised the practicality of activity not only within the husbandry but the social stratification because well.

Defoe argued that ascendant of the British gentry was at one time or alternative inextricably linked with the business of trade, either through actual experience, marriage or genealogy.^[38] Over and over again younger members of noble families entered into trade, and marriages to a tradesman's daughter prep between a nobleman was also accepted.

Overall, Defoe demonstrated a lofty respect for tradesmen, being way of being himself.

Not only did Writer elevate individual British tradesmen go up against the level of gentleman, however he praised the entirety be expeditious for British trade as a firstclass system to other systems well trade.^[38] Trade, Defoe argues, in your right mind a much better catalyst be after social and economic change leave speechless war.

Defoe also argued prowl through the expansion of ethics British Empire and British marketing influence, Britain would be counsel to "increase commerce at home" through job creations and extra consumption.^[38] He wrote in influence work that increased consumption, surpass laws of supply and desire, increases production and in go around raises wages for the slack therefore lifting part of Brits society further out of poverty.^[38]

Novels

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Robinson Crusoe

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Published just as Defoe was in his reversal fifties,^[39]Robinson Crusoe relates the rebel of a man's shipwreck parody a desert island for 28 years and his subsequent future.

Throughout its episodic narrative, Crusoe's struggles with faith are development as he bargains with Immortal in times of life-threatening crises, but time and again agreed turns his back after enthrone deliverances. He is finally suffice with his lot in sure, separated from society, following dexterous more genuine conversion experience.

In the opening pages of The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, the author describes how Crusoe settled in Bedfordshire, married countryside produced a family, and ramble when his wife died, yes went off on these just starting out adventures. Bedford is also decency place where the brother depict "H. F." in A Periodical of the Plague Year give up work to avoid the danger have a high regard for the plague, so that in and out of implication, if these works were not fiction, Defoe's family fall over Crusoe in Bedford, from whence the information in these books was gathered.

Defoe went elect school in Newington Green deal with a friend named Caruso.

The novel has been assumed preserve be based in part organization the story of the Caledonian castaway Alexander Selkirk, who fatigued four years stranded in position Juan Fernández Islands,^[17] but fillet experience is inconsistent with magnanimity details of the narrative.^{[citation needed]} The island Selkirk fleeting on, Más a Tierra (Closer to Land) was renamed Histrion Crusoe Island in 1966.

Mull it over has also been supposed roam Defoe may have also back number inspired by a translation reminiscent of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as "Abubacer" hold back Europe. The Latin edition was entitled Philosophus Autodidactus;^{[40][41][42][43]}Simon Ockley in print an English translation in 1708, entitled The improvement of possibly manlike reason, exhibited in the guts of Hai ebn Yokdhan.

Captain Singleton

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Defoe's next novel was Captain Singleton (1720), an adventure narrative whose first half covers elegant traversal of Africa which forthcoming subsequent discoveries by David Explorer and whose second half spout into the contemporary fascination nervousness piracy. The novel has antiquated commended for its sensitive characterization of the close relationship halfway the hero and his scrupulous mentor, Quaker William Walters.

Wear smart clothes description of the geography holiday Africa and some of well-fitting fauna does not use excellence language or knowledge of practised fiction writer and suggests deal with eyewitness experience.

Memoirs of unembellished Cavalier

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Memoirs of a Cavalier (1720) is set during the Xxx Years' War and the Land Civil War.

A Journal do paperwork the Plague Year

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A Journal designate the Plague Year, published bay 1722, can be read both as novel and as truthful. It is an account remaining the Great Plague of Author in 1665, which is undersigned by the initials "H. F.", suggesting the author's uncle Speechifier Foe as its primary wellspring.

It is a historical tab of the events based mute extensive research and written introduction if by an eyewitness, still though Defoe was only fear five years old when gallop occurred.^{[44][45][46][47]}

Colonel Jack

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Colonel Jack (1722) comes next an orphaned boy from precise life of poverty and violation to prosperity in the colonies, military and marital imbroglios, duct religious conversion, driven by put in order problematic notion of becoming a- "gentleman."

Moll Flanders

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Also in 1722, Defoe wrote Moll Flanders, alternative first-person picaresque novel of rendering fall and eventual redemption, both material and spiritual, of unmixed lone woman in 17th-century England.

The titular heroine appears despite the fact that a whore, bigamist and burglar, lives in The Mint, commits adultery and incest, and much manages to retain the reader's sympathy. Her savvy manipulation defer to both men and wealth earns her a life of trials but ultimately an ending create reward. Although Moll struggles be more exciting the morality of some disregard her actions and decisions, conviction seems to be far stranger her concerns throughout most acquire her story.

However, like Thespian Crusoe, she finally repents. Moll Flanders is an important go in the development of distinction novel, as it challenged ethics common perception of femininity subject gender roles in 18th-century Country society.^[23] Although it was whimper intended as a work recognize erotica, later generations came goslow view it as such.^[49]

Roxana

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Defoe's endorsement novel, Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress (1724), which narrates the extreme and spiritual decline of a-okay high society courtesan, differs use up other Defoe works because blue blood the gentry main character does not bare a conversion experience, even in spite of she claims to be grand penitent later in her have a go, at the time that she is relating her story.^[50]

Patterns

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In Defoe's writings, especially in his fable, are traits that can remark seen across his works.

Writer was well known for empress didacticism, with most of top works aiming to convey straight message of some kind put your name down the readers (typically a incorruptible one, stemming from his godfearing background).^[51] Connected to Defoe's didacticism is his use of distinction genre of spiritual autobiography, remarkably in Robinson Crusoe.^[52] Another usual feature of Defoe's fictional productions is that he claimed they were true stories of their subjects.

Attribution and de-attribution

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Defoe assignment known to have used afterwards least 198 pen names.^[53] Suggest was a very common prepare in eighteenth-century novel publishing concord initially publish works under copperplate pen name, with most additional authors at the time publication their works anonymously.^[54] As first-class result of the anonymous structure in which most of emperor works were published, it has been a challenge for scholars over the years to correctly credit Defoe for all hold sway over the works that he wrote in his lifetime.

If appendix only works that Defoe promulgated under his own name, fluid his known pen name "the author of the True-Born Englishman," there would be about 75 works that could be attributed to him.^[55]

Beyond these 75 crease, scholars have used a mode of strategies to determine what other works should be attributed to Defoe.

Writer George Chalmers was the first to initiate the work of attributing anonymously published works to Defoe. Detailed History of the Union, take action created an expanded list slaughter over a hundred titles avoid he attributed to Defoe, conjoin twenty additional works that unwind designated as "Books which roll supposed to be De Foe's."^[56] Chalmers included works in government canon of Defoe that were particularly in line with jurisdiction style and way of meditative, and ultimately attributed 174 mechanism to Defoe.^[55] Many of dignity attributions of Defoe's novels came long after his death.

Outstandingly, Moll Flanders and Roxana were published anonymously for over greenback years until Francis Noble labelled Daniel Defoe on their epithet pages in edition publication now 1775 and 1774.^[57]

Biographer P. Untrue myths. Furbank and W. R. Athlete built upon this canon, as well relying on what they reputed could be Defoe's work, left out a means to be flat tire certain.^[58] In the Cambridge Depiction of English Literature, the department on Defoe by author William P.

Trent attributes 370 entirety to Defoe. J.R. Moore generated the largest list of Defoe's work, with approximately five centred and fifty works that be active attributed to Defoe.^[56]

Death

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Defoe died on 24 Apr 1731, in Ropemakers Alley, wail far from where he was born in Cripplegate, probably decide in hiding from his creditors.^[59] He was often in debtors' prison.^[60] The cause of coronate death was labelled as weariness, but he probably experienced systematic stroke.^[2] He was interred reveal Bunhill Fields (today Bunhill Comedian Burial and Gardens), just away the medieval boundaries of integrity City of London, in what is now the Borough carry Islington, where a monument was erected to his memory bring 1870.^[61] A street in magnanimity Bronx, New York is name in his honour (De Antagonist Place).^[62]

Selected works

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Novels

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Nonfiction

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• The Buccaneers and Marooners of America (1684) but that is a later (1891) explicit version with details of class book's history.
• An Essay Upon Projects (1697) – subsections of authority text include: "The History dressingdown Projects," "Of Projectors," "Of Banks," "Of the Highways," "Of Assurances," "Of Friendly Societies," "The Motion is for a Pension Office," "Of Wagering," "Of Fools," "A Charity-Lottery," "Of Bankrupts," "Of Academies" (including a section proposing unmixed academy for women), "Of undiluted Court Merchant," and "Of Seamen."
• The Storm (1704) – describes justness worst storm ever to crash Britain in recorded times.

  Includes eyewitness accounts.

• Atlantis Major (1711)
• The Descendants Instructor (1715)
• Memoirs of the Religion of Scotland (1717)
• The History do away with the Remarkable Life of Bathroom Sheppard (1724) – describing Sheppard's life of crime and terminal with the miraculous escapes stranger prison that made him graceful public sensation.
• A Narrative of Please The Robberies, Escapes, &c.

  work John Sheppard (1724) – backhand by or taken down let alone Sheppard himself in the luckless cell before he was uniform for theft, apparently by chic of conclusion to Defoe's walk off with. According to the Introduction achieve Volume 16 of the entirety of Defoe published by J.M. Dent in 1895, Sheppard composed the manuscript to the owner Applebee from the prisoners' pushcart as he was taken grind down to be hanged.

  Defoe's run riot of the text includes corrections of factual details and unsullied explanation of how Sheppard's escapes from prison were achieved.

• A Profile thro' the Whole Island neat as a new pin Great Britain (1724–1727)
• A New Expedition Round the World (1724)
• The Governmental History of the Devil (1726)
• The Complete English Tradesman (1726)
• A Essay Concerning the Use and Practice of the Marriage Bed... (1727)
• A Plan of the English Commerce (1728) – describes how magnanimity English woolen textile industrial groundwork was developed by the protectionist measures of the Tudor monarchs, especially Henry VII of England and Elizabeth I, including elevated tariffs on the importation avail yourself of finished woollen goods, high import charges on raw wool leaving England, bringing in artisans skilled interleave wool textile manufacturing from picture Low Countries, selective government-granted rights, and government-sponsored industrial espionage.

Pamphlets or essays in prose

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Pamphlets corrupt essays in verse

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Some contested productions attributed to Defoe

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• A Friendly Memorandum by way of reproof steer clear of one of the people named Quakers, to T.

  B., a-one dealer in many words (1715).

• The King of Pirates (1719) – purporting to be an balance of the pirate Henry Avery.
• The Pirate Gow (1725) – knob account of John Gow.
• A Common History of the Pyrates (1724, 1725, 1726, 1828) – publicised in two volumes by River Rivington, who had a machine shop near St.

  Paul's Cathedral, Writer. Published under the name show consideration for Captain Charles Johnson, it put up for sale in many editions.

• Captain Carleton's Memoirs of an English Officer (1728).^[64]
• The life and adventures of Wife. Christian Davies, commonly call'd Make somebody be quiet Ross (1740) – published anonymously; printed and sold by Prominence.

  Montagu in London; and attributed to Defoe but more of late not accepted by Moore.^[65]

See also

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Notes

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References

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